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Studies in. 

English 



3^ B'Oa L. Gregg 



P\ibUah«d by th* Author, Cadtt.r Falls. Iow» 




Studies in English 
Grammar 



By.y 

Assistant Professor of English in Iowa State 
Normal School^ Cedar Falls, Iowa 



Published by the Author 

cedar falls, iowa 

1902 



TEiiii 



mxTBWmy 

CONGRESS, 

XxwO COW-S RtlCEIVCD 

ore. \^ ^m9 

( COPVRIOHT ENT«V 

fel.AS«^XXc No. 

I oonr 8. 



Copyright, 1902 
By Eva L. Grecu; 



PREFACE. 

The author believes the sentence to be the starting point 
in the study of the EngHsh language, because the sentence 
places language before the student in its natural relation to 
thought; and the separation of the sentence into its funda- 
mental parts, subject, predicate, complement and modifiers, 
with an intelligent understanding of the thought relation 
which one part bears to another, should precede an examina- 
tion of the properties of the parts of speech. With this 
thought in view, the first part of the book has been devoted 
to sentence structure, ahd the exercises used are those which 
experience has demonstrated to be the best comprehended 
by the student. 

Too much stress can not be placed upon the work of 
analysis. It recognizes an aim in the use of language, and 
shows that the forms of expression are intended only to bring 
out the larger, richer thought. 

In the second part, a detailed study of the parts of speech 
begins and continues through the chapter, with classifications 
and inflections of the parts of speech, together with appropriate 
exercises to bring out the variety of thought. 

The purpose of this book is not to supplant the text-book, 
but to be an intelligent guide to the study of numerous texts, 
thereby familiarizing the student with a broader view of the 
subject than it is feasible for one text to give. The book is 
designed especially for Normal schools and advanced high 
schools, but it is hoped it may be a valuable means of self- 
help to teachers in the lower grades and in the country 
schools. 

The author wishes to acknowledge her indebtedness for 
helpful suggestions to Miss Nellie Wallbank's " Outlines and 
Exercises in English Grammar," and also to Miss Mary E. 
Simmons, professor of English language in the Iowa State 
Normal School, for valuable criticiam. 

Eva L. Gregg. 

June 13, igo^, 

3 



f 



TABLE OF CONTENTS. 



P AGE. 

Studies in English Grammar 9 

The English Language 9 

Why So Called 9 

Early Home of English 9 

Norman Conquest 9 

Old English Compared with Modern. . 9 

Growth of the English Language 9 

Good English , 9 

Sentences in General 10 

Ideas 10 

Phrases 10 

The Sentence 10 

Classification 10 

Principal Elements of the Sentence 10 

Subject 10 

Predicate 11 

Complement 11 

Modifiers 11 

Object Complement 11 

Subjective Complement 13 

Objective Complement 15 

Exercises on Complements 16 

Modifiers 19 

Noun Modifiers 19 

Adjective Modifiers 20 

Adverbial Modifiers 21 

Exercises on Indirect Object and Adverbial Noun. ... 22 

Independent Elements 24 

5 



6 TABLE OF* CONTENTS. 

Prepositional Phrase ^i 

1. Uses 25 

2. Exercises 26 

Verbal 29 

Infinitive 29 

Participle 29 

Exercises on the Infinitive 30 

Exercises on the Participle 32 

The Adjective Clause 36 

The Adverbial Clause 40 

The Noun Clause 44 

The Abridged Clause 47 

Complex Sentences for Analysis 50 

Compound Sentences for Analysis 53 

Miscellaneous Sentences for Analysis 53 

Parts of Speech 62 

The Noun 62 

Its Properties 62 

The Pronoun 67 

Its Properties 68 

Notes on the Use of Pronoun 70 

Exercises in Case 71 

Exercises in Gender, Number, and Person 75 

Declensions of Nouns and Pronouns 77 

The Adjective 77 

Notes on the Use of Adjectives 78 

Exercises , 79 

The Verb 81 

Classified According to Meaning 81 

Classified According to Form S;^ 

Properties of the Verb 83 

Tense 83 

Mode , 84 

Voice 85 



table of contents. 7 

Verbs That Have Passive Form 86 

Passive Verbs That Take Subjective Complements. .... 86 

Passive Verbs That Take Object Complements 87 

Object of Preposition Made the Subject of a Passive 

Verb 87 

Exercises 88 

Number and Person of Verbs 89 

Notes 89 

Exercises 90 

Notes on the Use of Shall, Will, Would and Should. . . 92 

Exercises 93 

Conjugation 95 

The Verbal 97 

Classes 97 

Properties 97 

Exercises 99 

The Adverb .... 100 

Classes ^. . * 100 

Exercises loi 

The Preposition 104 

Exercises 105 

The Conjunction 107 

Classes 107 

Exercises 108 

The Interjection 109 

Words Having Several Different Uses 109 



LIST OF REFERENCE BOOKS. 



1. Buehler's A Modern English Grammar. 

2. Kittredge & Arnold's The Mother Tongue, Book IL 

3. Mead's The English Language and Its Grammar. 

4. Lyte's Grammar and Composition. 

5. Brown and Dr. Garmo's Elements of English Grammar. 

6. Southworth & Goddard's Elements of Composition and 
Grammar. 

7. Powell & Connolly's A Rational Grammar of the Eng- 
lish Language. 

8. Maxwell's Advanced Lessons in English Grammar. 

9. McHenry's Practical Lessons in Grammar. 
ID. Baskervill and Sewell's An English Grammar. 

11. Bain's A Higher English Grammar. 

12. Conklin's English Grammar and Composition. 

13. Kimball's The Structure of the English Sentence. 

14. Reed & Kellogg's High School Grammar. 

15. Allen's A School Grammar of the English Language. 

16. Gowdy's English Grammar. 

17. Sheldon's Advanced Language Lessons. 

18. Longman's School Grammar. 

19. Harvey's Revised English Grammar. 

20. Carpenter's Principles of English Grammar. 

21. Metcalf's English Grammar for the Common Schools. 

22. Swinton's Grammar. 

23. Whitney's Essentials in English Grammar. 

24. Greene's Grammar of the English Language. 

25. Holbrook's New English Grammar. 

26. Kerl's Comprehensive English Grammar. 

27. Clark's The Normal Grammar. 

8 



Studies in English 
Grammar. 



INTRODUCTION. 

The English Language. 

1. Why so called? 

Derived from what? 

2. Early Home of English. 

Taken to England about 449 a. d. 
By Angles, Saxons and Jutes. 
Changes made by them. 

3. The Norman Conquest. 

By William, Duke of Normandy. 

Time, 1066. 

Changes in government and consequent changes in 

language. 
Effect of those changes. 

4. Old English Compared with Modern. 

Spelling. 

Arrangement of words in sentences. 

5. Growth of the English language. 

From British words. 

From Latin words found there and from Latin books. 
From Danish words. 
From Norman French words. 
From various other languages. 
From discoveries, inventions and sciences. 

9 



lO STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

6. Good English. 
What is it? 
How secured? 

SENTENCES IN GENERAL. 
Ideas. 

Words are the signs of ideas, — " book/' " fan." 

Phrases. 

Mere groups of words denoting related ideas: — • 
''A rainy day." ''A brave soldier.'' 

1. Prepositional Phrases. 

''Of New York/' ''in the country," 

2. Verbal Phrases. 

" To live a noble life/' " Painting pictures/' 
Sentences. 

Words so related as to form a complete thought. 

CLASSIFICATION OF SENTENCES. 

According to form. 

Simple, complex and compound. 
According to meaning. 

Declarative, interrogative, imperative and exclama- 
tory. 

PRINCIPAL ELEMENTS OF A SENTENCE. 

1. Subject. 

2. Predicate. 

3. Complement. 

4. Modifier. 

I. SUBJECT. 

Form, — Word, Phrase or Clause. 
I. Word. 

Noun, — The picture is beautiful. 
Pronoun, — He is a giant. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAJi. It 

Adjective, — The good are great. 
Adverb, — Now is the accepted time. 
Infinitive, — To lie is debasing. 
Participle,— Ljrm^ is debasing. 

2. Phrase. 

Prepositional Phrase. 

Toward the east is toward my home. 
Verbal Phrase. 
Infinitive Phrase. 

To fight battles is the soldier's duty. 
Participial Phrase. 
Hearing the signal, hurried them on. 

3. Clause. 

That you are right is clear. 

4. Abridged Clause. 

His being here prevented our going. 

XL PREDICATE. 

Verb. 

The child learns. 
Verb-phrase. 

The child might have been learning, 

III. COMPLEMENT. 

Kinds. 

Object Complement. 
Subjective Complement. 
Objective Complement. 

OBJECT COMPLEMENT. 

Forms of the Object Complement. 
I . Word, — Noun, Pronoun, Participle. 
Noun, — Mary studies Latin. 
Pronoun, — We saw him. 
Participle, — Ruth enjoys singing. 



1^ Studies in English grammar. 

2. Phrase. 

Infinitive, — Children love to play games. 
Participial, — Ruth enjoys singing songs. 

3. Clause. 

Whittier believed that the slaves should be free. 
Abridged Clause. 

We expect him to go at once. 

QUESTIONS. 

Define object complement. Give examples of all the forms 
of object complement except that of abridged clause. What 
kinds of verbs take object complements? Give two other tests 
for the object complement. What is a cognate object? Con- 
sult references. 

Form sentences using Object Complements after the 
following verbs and verbals: — 

produce can pay to see 

laid reward to think 

set will choose to read 

has did have sending 

can learn proved hearing 

raise lived singing 

Point out the Object Complements, and test, by chang- 
ing the verb to the passive voice : — 

1. Elizabeth signed Queen Mary's death warrant. 

2. He is enjoying his study. 

3. We saw him in his office. 

4. Ruth enjoys painting. 

5. She wished to finish the picture. 

6. They knew that she would come. 

7. The Negroes are picking cotton. 

8. We visited an old-fashioned kitchen. 

9. Have you ever visited Mount Vernon ? 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 1 3 

10. In the year 1759 General Wolfe tried to take Quebec. 

ir. The man regrets having wasted his time. 

12. The Indians made canoes and baskets. 

13. The French soon gained a foothold in Canada. 

14. Lee's disobedience caused the retreat of Washington. 

15. The trees are shedding their leaves. 

SUBJECTIVE COMPLEMENT. 

Forms of the Subjective Complement. 

1. Word, — Noun, Pronoun, Participle and Adjective. 

Noun, — Tennyson was a poet. 
Pronoun, — It was they. 
Participle, — Seeing is believing. 
Adjective, — The rose is beautiful. 

2. Phrase. 

Infinitive. 

Adjective, — Their efforts seemed to fail. 

Noun, — To see is to believe. 
Participial. 

Adjective, — Her manner is charming. 

Noun, — Earning is having. 
Prepositional. 

Adjective, — His character is above reproach. 

Noun, — Out of sight is out of mind. 
Tests. 

1. The subjective complement follows a verb of being, 

state of being, or a verb in the passive voice. 

2. If the subjective complement is a noun element, it 

represents the same thing as the subject. 

3. If it is an adjective element, it modifies the subject, 



14 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

Form sentences using a Subjective Complement after 
each of the following verbs. Use the different forms of 
the complement: — 



was 


may be 


will be elected 


became 


lay 


might be chosen 


stood 


seem 


has been made 


hung 


be 


may be called 


lived 


is 
QUESTIONS. 


might be struck 



Define Subjective Complement. Why do only verbs of 
being, state of being, and passive voice verbs take subjective 
complements? How is it that the passive verb takes a sub- 
jective complement? By what other terms is it called? Con- 
sult references. 

Point out the Subjective Complement and apply the 
tests: — - 

1. The boy might have been an artist. 

2. Wm. Pitt was the friend of the American Colonists. 

3. The old man seemed unhappy. 

4. Charles Lee turned traitor to the American Cause. 

5. Garfield was elected President in 1880. 

6. The groves were God's first temples. — Bryant. 

7. The Princess looked very beautiful. 

8. Which is your favorite American poet? 

9. A contented mind is a continual feast. 

10. Such a person is beneath your notice. 

11. Those books are of great value. 

12. The workman's tools are of iron. 

13. He seems to be innocent. 

14. The noblest vengeance is to forgive. 

15. They are very skillful in selecting the pictures. 

16. The spider's web was too we<^k to hold the flies. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 15 

17. A great mind is a great fortune. 

18. Time should be regarded as a sacred trust. 

19. General Gates was considered a traitor. 

20. Fulton's steamboat was called the Clermont. 

21. The question is, What shall we do? 

22.. Faneuil Hall is called '' the cradle of liberty." 

23. Was Andre's execution justifiable? 

24. The officers grew impatient at the long delay. 

25. Calm and clear the day dawned. 

26. Thousands of men lay lifeless on the battlefield. 

2y. The Amen of Nature is always a flower. — 0. W. 

HolfHCS 

OBJECTIVE COMPLEMENT. 

Forms of the Objective Complement. 

1. Word, — Noun, pronoun, adjective. 

Noun, — The club elected Clarence president. 
Pronoun, — What did they name the town ? 
Adjectivcy— They painted the ship white. 

2. Phrase, — Prepositional. 

They found the soldier in distress. 
Tests. 

1. The Objective Complement follows the object in the 

sentence. 

2. When it is a noun element, it represents the same 

person or thing as the object. 

3. When it is an adjective element, it modifies the 

object. 

Form sentences using an Objective Complement after 
each verb and verbal : — 

drank employed had struck 

struck regard can bleach 

make held have made 

call renders considered 

to select to name calling 



1 6 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

QUESTIONS. 

What is an objective complement? What form may it 
take? How may it be made a subjective complement? Are 
participles and infinitives used as objective complements? 
What is a Factitive object? Consult references. 

Point out the Objective Complements and apply the 
tests : — 

1. Napoleon crow^ned himself Emperor. 

2. They have made their home beautiful. 

3. What did they call the place? 

4. They found the child in great distress. 

5. Idleness will not make one great. 

6. The gardener made the walk straight. 

7. Such work will make him manly. 

8. They attempted to crown him king. 

9. Self-esteem has made her unlovable. 

10. Keeping the light bright is his only duty. 

11. He succeeded in making himself disliked by all. 

12. Macaulay calls liberty of discussion a safeguard of 
other liberties. 

13. James called him his friend. 

14. That practice has made him very skillful. 

15. We were pleased to find her in excellent spirits. 

16. They left the man in comfortable circumstances. 

17. He kept his honor unsullied. 

18. Alexander's conquests did not make him happy. 

19. The judge called him a criminal. 

20. The noise will drive them mad. 

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISES ON COMPLE- 
MENTS, 

1. The governor expects to pardon the criminal. 

2. The old hermit seemed to be very eccentric. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 1 7 

3. He could not avoid doing the work. 

4. His father's sword he girded on. 

5. He fell a victim to despair. 

6. I found her in the garden reading Plato. 

7. You cannot expect to win victories by doing nothing. 

8. ''All the air a solemn stillness holds.'' 

9. Henry VH was the founder of the Tudor dynasty. 

10. Richter said, *' I love God and little children." 

11. '* Charge for the guns! " he said. 

12. Virtue alone is happiness below. 

13. A book is a sure friend, always ready at your pleasure. 
— Emerson, 

14. I know that my Redeemer liveth. 

15. Portions of the brain may be cut off without produc- 
ing pain. 

16. To study a nest is to make an acquaintance. — Olive 
T. Miller, 

17. The guillotine hushed the eloquent, struck down the 
powerful and abolished the beautiful and the good. 

18. He promised to do better in future. 

19. The Niobe of nations! there she stands. 
Childless and crownless in her voiceless woe. 

— Byron. 

20. How poor, how rich, how abject, how august, 
How complicate, how wonderful is man ! 

21. He fell a victim to drink. 

22. He became master of the provinces of Ulster, and was 
solemnly crowned King of Ireland. 

23. Some one has called the eye the window of the soul. 

24. Giving to the poor is lending to the Lord. 

25. The people called the Duke of Wellington par-excel- 
lence, 

26. Wellington always knew exactly what he could do, 
and Napoleon often confounded his ambitions with his capaci- 
ties. — McCarthy. 



l8 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

27. He was fortunate and was deserving. 

28. One finds that theories fail. 

29. They accused them of breaking windows. 

30. They found the soldiers in distress. 

31. Prosperity had made her vain; adversity brought her 
to her mind again. 

32. Having expressed himself thus confidently, he reined 
his horse backward down the slope. — Scott. 

33. She came, singing the songs of gladness. 

34. The work is of the utmost importance to him. 

35. Out of sight is out of mind. 

36. The picture is of great value. 

37. Trying to do a good deed is doing a good deed. 

38. A voice saith, '' What is that to thee ? " 

39. He fell a sacrifice to sloth and luxury. 

40. Character is what we are, reputation is what others 
think we are. 

41. We mutually pledge to each other our lives, our for- 
tunes and our sacred honor. 

42. Sweet mercy is nobility's true badge. 

43. Lamb said, " I love to lose myself in other men's 
minds." 

44. To cease to change is to cease to live. 

45. Astronomers believe that the stars are suns. 

46. The belief of astronomers is that the stars are suns. 

47. Everybody admits that Cromwell was a great leader. 

48. Justice, Sir, is the great interest of man on earth. 

49. Education is necessary to make men good citizens. 

50. Keeping the children quiet was her only duty. 

51. A man he seems of cheerful yesterdays and confident 
to-morrows. — Wordsworth, 

52. Is trying to become a soldier difficult? 

53. To resist evil by evil is evil. 

54. The captain saved the ship by throwing the cargo 
overboard. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 1 9 

55. Some persons wished to make Washington king. 

56. My master is of churlish disposition, and Httle cares 
to find the way to heaven by doing deeds of hospitality. — 
Shakespeare. 

57. The hill-range stood 
Transfigured in the silver flood. 

58. Frozen apples become little cider-vats. — Thoreau, 

59. Every need of man is the reverse of a promise of God. 

60. The Athenians punished the idle as criminals. 

IV. MODIFIERS. 

Classes According to Form. 

1. Word, — noun, pronoun, adjective, adverb and 

participle. 

2. Phrase, — prepositional and verbal. 

3. Clause, — adjective and adverbial. 

Classes According to Use. 

1. Noun. 

2. Adjective. 

3. Adverbial, 

4. Independent. 

I. Noun Modifiiers. 

1. Possessive. 

The day's work was done. 

She performed her task cheerfully. 

2. Appositive. 

Burns, the poet, wrote " The Cotter's Saturday 
Night." 

Point out the Possessive and the Appositive Modifiers : — 

1. Whose books are these? 

2. Snow Bound, the poem, was written by Whittier. 



20 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

3. His books were left in your brother's room. 

4. I, myself, will go. 

5. I, John, saw these things. 

6. We stopped at Mr. Brown's. 

7. Beethoven, the great musician, was deaf. 

8. My task, to teach, is a pleasant one. 

9. Your success in life is chiefly in your own hands. 

10. Washington saved the child from drowning — 

a heroic act. 

11. He sank to the depths of disgrace — to the con- 

vict's cell. 

12. He spent four years in college — an equipment 

necessary for his work. 

13. Have you read " Childe Harold," a poem, by 

Byron ? 

14. We have three great bulwarks of liberty; viz., 

the common schools, colleges and universities. 

15. Harry's sister's friend had come to visit them. 

16. Some men bear prosperity wisely — a difficult 

task. 

17. Let us do this, our father's wish. 

18. Two things show the wisdom of nations; viz., 

good laws and a prudent management of them. 

19. The shout went up — '' The Union, it must be 

preserved ! " 

20. And Harold stands upon the place of skulls. 
The grave of France, the deadly Waterloo. 

— Byron. 

2. Adjective Modifiers. 

The word, phrase and clause used as an Adjective 
Modifier will be discussed under separate heads. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 



21 



3. Adverbial Modifiers. 

1. ADVERB. 

''Slowly and sadly they laid him domn/' 

2. INDIRECT OBJECT. 

Bring me the book. 

He is like his father. 

That is like reading without thinking. 

QUESTIONS. 

Define Indirect Object. To what is it equivalent? How 
does it modify the verb or verbal? How the adjective or 
adverb? What prepositions may be used with it? Illustrate 
by sentences. 

Form sentences to show how these words take Indirect 
Objects : — 



take 


teach 


lend 


tell 


send 


throw 


paid 


promise 


get 


grant 


giving 


selling 


give 


pass 


to give 


to pay 


ask 


like 


refused 


opposite 


show 


unlike 


read 


next 


leave 


near 


refusing 


sending 


make 


nigh 


to leave 


to offer 



3. ADVERBIAL NOUN. 

They went yesterday. 

The cloth is worth a dollar a yard. 

Change the italicised words to Adverbial Nouns : — 
X. The child went there. 

2. I have seen it often. 

3. The old man can walk far. 



22 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

4. It is worth much. 

5. This lesson is much longer than that. 

6. The mine yields abundantly. 

7. The room was not very wide but it was very high. 

8. They are coming then. 

What is an Adverbial Noun ? Why is it so called ? What 
does it modify ? Illustrate by sentences. Why is it some- 
times called an elliptical phrase? Consult the references for 
Indirect Object and Adverbial Noun. 

Form sentences, using these words as Adverbial Nouns, 



yesterday 


home 


'^ Monday 


dollar 


feet 


miles 


ages 


years 


days 


step 


hour 


to-morrow 



Analyze the following sentences, paying special atten- 
tion to Indirect Objects and Adverbial Nouns. 

1. Give me neither poverty nor riches. 

2. They sat opposite me. 

3. The book cost a dollar but it is not worth fifty cents. 

4. The snail crawled a yard an hour. 

5. Ascham taught Lady Jane Grey the Greek language. 

6. A few years ago colleges were not open to women. 

7. The retreat began a day later. 

8. Tell him he must not come a step nearer. 

9. He should have gone twenty miles an hour. 

10. Men like Washington were rare. 

11. He left a year ago last June. 

12. It was like trying to walk on water. 

13. Sir Philip Sidney gave a dying soldier a cup of water. 

14. The deer came near the edge of the wood. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 23 

15. Burned Marmion's swarthy cheek like fire. — Scott, 

16. Centuries ago the Chinese understood printing. 

17. Her trip to Europe was worth the sacrifice. 

18. The king gave the ministers large gifts, the day of his 
coronation. 

19. He tried to give his son an education. 

20. By throwing the mob his purse and jewels the man 
escaped. 

21. The snow fell all day long yesterday, and the drifts 
are six feet high on the prairie. 

22. *' Home they brought her warrior dead." 

23. They crossed the mountains three times that summer. 

24. The weather is like a spoiled child. 

25. Lend the poor man a dollar. 

26. The wall is ten feet six inches high, and two feet six 
inches thick. 

27. They traveled sixty miles an hour all day. 

28. The Dome of St. Peter's is fifty feet wider and sixty 
feet higher than that of St. Paul's. 

29. God puts our prayers, like rose leaves, between the 
leaves of his book of remembrance. — Spurgeon. 

30. No storm like this was ever seen before. 

31. He sent his daughter home that way. 

32. The ship sails all night long. 

33. I gave him a dollar a bushel for his wheat and ten 
cents a pound for his sugar. 

34. Sept. 23, 1779, Captain Paul Jones engaged the 
Serapis in battle. 

35. Your advice is worth nothing to him now. 

36. Hanna Moore, the authoress, taught Lord Macaulay 
the common school branches. 

37. Bunker Hill monument is a granite obelisk, 221 feet 
in height. 

38. That is like hunting game without finding it. 



24 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

39. Disputes about the meaning of words have cost mil- 
lions of lives. 

40. The setting of a great hope is like the setting of the 
sun. — Longfellow. 

41. They rushed to battle like thirsty wolves to a spring. 

42. The opposing forces were almost opposite each other. 

43. Cortez besieged the City of Mexico seventy-five days, 
but it surrendered Aug. 13, 1521. 

44. He looked like a great man, and not like a bad one. 
45- They were in New York Saturday, and will be there 

again to-morrow. 

46. Unlike Chatterton, Crabbe had a firm trust in Provi- 
dence. 

47. A shape, unlike anything ever seen before, appeared 
to him. 

48. In 1784, Amsterdam bankers refused to lend the 
United States $300,000. 

49. The ice will be frozen several inches thick to-night, 
and to-morrow it will afford the skaters excellent sport. 

50. A part of the wall, fifty feet long and twelve feet high, 
could be seen from the top of the hill. 

51. Our friends went to Chicago yesterday, but they will 
return some time next week. 

52. Livingstone taught himself Latin grammar. 

53. They fought like brave men, long and well. 

54. Sometimes his voice would deepen, like the sound of 
distant thunder. 

55. A thing worth doing at all, is worth doing well. 

56. That is like working without receiving reward. 

4. INDEPENDENT ELEMENTS. 

Point out the Independent Elements : — 

1. "Flow gently, sweet Afton, among thy green braes." 

2. To sum up, there was none of them correct. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 25 

3. On! on! exclaimed the hero. 

4. Why! did he do that? 

5. The child, strange as it seems, was not injured. 

6. No, it was not so bad as that. 

7. O Rome! my country! city of the soul. — Byron, 

8. John, will you close the door? 

9. There is no doubt that it is true. 

ID. Arches on arches! as it were that Rome, 
Collecting the chief trophies of her line. 
Would build up all her triumphs in one dome — 
Her Coliseum stands. — Byron. 

THE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE. 

Classes According to Form. 

1. Simple, — That is the course of wisdom. 

2. Complex, — Several eminent writers lived in the age of 

Elizabeth. 

3. Compound, — Good manners are the blossom of good 

sense and of good feeling. 

Classes According to Use. 

I. Noun Uses. 

1. Subject. 

Toward our home is east. 

2. Subjective predicate noun. 

Toward our home is toward the east. 

3. Base of a preposition. 

The water came from between the rocks. 

II. Adjective Uses, 

1. Adjective Modifier. 

A thing of beauty is a joy forever. 

2. Subjective predicate adjective. 

His character is above suspicion. 



26 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

3. Objective predicate adjective. 

They found him in good spirits. 

III. Adverbial Use. 

I. Adverbial Modifier. 

The stag ran across the valley and into the woods, 

IV. Independent Use. 

By the way, have you read Ben Hur? 

QUESTIONS. 

Define a prepositional phrase. How does it differ from 
such phrases as, a rainy day, a good child, etc. ? What forms 
may the base of the phrase take ? May a prepositional phrase 
be used appositively ? 

Form sentences containing the above uses. 

ANALYZE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES. 

1. The garment was without a seam. 

2. Toward the earth's center is called down. 

3. The study of Greek is a training in mental discipline. 

4. The boat lay becalmed in the waters of the Sargasso 
Sea. 

5. Out of sight is not always out of mind. 

6. Sound policy is never at variance with substantial 
justice. 

7. He seemed beyond the pale of mercy. 

8. She was still in the bloom of youth. 

9. They found his character above suspicion. 

10. With many readers, brilliancy of style passes for afflu- 
ence of thought. 

11. They kept the park in good condition. 

12. Falsehood is of slight texture. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 2J 

13. The wrong party was in power at the time of the 
decision. 

14. Time is regarded by wise men as the most precious 
of all possessions. 

15. Across the fields in the early morning I hear some of 
the rare April birds. — Burroughs, 

16. The robin goes to housekeeping in the old cherry-tree. 

17. The guards of the king stood just below the gate. 

18. Moderate exercise every day conduces to the preserva- 
tion of the health. 

19. An autocrat is above the control of law. 

20. The gloomy door of death is unlocked to the prayers 
of none. 

21. By the streets of By-and-By, one arrives at the house 
of Never. 

22. The axis of the earth sticks out visibly through the 
center of each and every town or city. — Holmes, 

23., Many years ago on a beautiful September morning, a 
ship sailed out of the harbor of New York. 

.24. A mind of splendor is often concealed under a garb of 
poverty. 

25. She felt perfectly at home in the presence of kings and 
queens. 

26. He went over the mountains on a certain day in early 
boyhfood. 

2y. In fact, I do not like the book. 

28. They found the prisoners in excellent spirits. 

29. New York, on the contrary, abounds in men of wealth. 

30. By the way, what did he send James yesterday? 

31. That vessel is of wood, but this one is of iron. 

32. The hero of the book of Job came from a strange land 
and of strange parentage. 

33. The ships of Sir Francis Drake rode at anchor in the 

calm waters of the inlet. 



28 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

34. A beautiful red color is made from the bodies of 
insects. 

35. From his trust in God, William of Orange derived 
support and consolation in the darkest hours. — Motley. 

36. Of his moral qualities, the most prominent was his 
piety. 

37. In the darkest hours of his country's peril, Washing- 
ton never lost hope. 

38. On the whole, the poets have not been eminently sue* 
cessful in depicting spring. — Burroughs, 

39. Is not the style of an author the manners of his soul? 

— Burroughs, 

40. Before genius is manliness, and before beauty is power. 

— Burroughs, 

41. A good memory for names and faces is a priceless 
possession. 

42. Obedience to parents was a common virtue among the 
Romans. 

43. Igneous rocks cover thousands of square miles of the 
western slope of the Rocky Mountains. 

44. By his victory at Rossbach, Frederick the Great re- 
covered the whole of Saxony. 

45. These delicates he heaped with glowing hand 
On golden dishes and in baskets bright 

Of wreathed silver. — Keats, 

46. He knew no motive but interest; acknowledged no 
criterion but success. — Life of Napoleon, Philipps. 

47. In the rear of the house, from the garden gate, ran a 
pathway through the great groves of oak, to the skirts of the 
limitless prairies. 

48. Truth is brought to light by time and reflection. 

49. He is in earnest and he will succeed in his work. 

50. Those exercises were considered among the most use- 
ful in the language. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 29 

VERBALS. 

Classes According to Form. 

1. Infinitive. 

To know the truth is to be happy. 

2. Participle. 

Lifting its head, the deer saw us. 

Classes According to Use. 

I. Noun Uses. 

1. Subject. 

To live is pleasant. 

Hearing the result did not discourage him. 

2. Object Complement. 

He wishes to know the truth. 
We should avoid giving offense. 

3. Subjective Complement. 

His wish is to see the result of his work. 
His greatest pleasure is skating on the lake. 

4. Appositive. 

It is a great pleasure, to read good books. 
It is pleasant, learning to roiv. 

5. Base of a Preposition. 

He asks nothing but to know the facts. 
We receive good by doing good. 

6. Indirect Object. 

That is like working without wages. 

7. Adverbial Noun. 

A thing worth doing at all is worth doing well. 

II. Adjective Uses. 

I. Adjective Modifier. 

That is a trap to catch rabbits. 
The army, defeated, fell back, 



30 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

2. Subjective Complement. 
He seems to he worthy. 
The soldier lay dying. 

III. Adverbial Use. 

I called to see you. 

Having received assistance, he continued his 
studies. 

IV. Independent Use. 

To be honest, he is a rogue. 

Speaking of books, have you read Ramona? 

QUESTIONS. 

Distinguish between the participle used as a mere noun 
and the participial noun. 

He teaches singing. 
He enjoys reading aloud. 
Distinguish between the participle used as a mere adjective 
and the participial adjective. 

The singing bird is beautiful. 
The bird singing in the tree is beautiful. 
How may participles be changed to adjective or adverbial 
clauses? Define infinitive and participial phrases. When is 
the infinitive used without the sign '' to " expressed ? Give 
examples of all the uses of the infinitive and participle. 

Note. — The infinitive and participle as predicate of the 
abridged clause will be discussed under that head. 

USES OF THE INFINITIVE. 

Analyse the Sentences: — 

1. To speak truly, I did not know him. 

2. He failed to keep his pledge. 

3. To be happy is our duty. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. $1 

4. He tried to write a description of the object. 

5. To be entirely just is almost impossible. 

6. It is not the way to right a wrong, to tell lies about it. 

7. He wished to appeal to Caesar. 

8. No way remained to him but to go on. 

9. We shall strive to please you. 

10. To reign, is worth ambition. 

11. To breathe this mountain air is delightful. 

12. The child wishes to tell the story of Hiawatha. 

13. His only desire is to see them happy. 

14. His desire to know the facts prompted the search. 

15. To be sure, he did not expect to go so soon. 

16. I loved to study in the garden. 

17. I should like to read the book. 

18. He is much to be censured for his behavior. 

19. To be plain, he is not to be trusted. 

20. He did nothing but complain about it. 

21. The lady seems to be worthy of the place. 

22. We called to see you yesterday. 

23. We shall endeavor to do our best. 

24. To waste time in youth is to want it in old age. 

25. Please do me the favor. 

26. Please go with me to get the book. 

2y, Who does not love to hear good music? 

28. To obey is sometimes better than to command. 

29. This will be a hard lesson to learn. 

30. It is sinful to speak deceitfully. 

31. He is about to sell his farm. 

32. He has the courage to venture. 

33. All things went to suit me. 

34. It is not all of life to live nor all of death to die. 

35. No way remained but to stay there until nightfall. 

36. Several attempts to assassinate William the Silent 
were unsuccessful. 



32 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

37. It is natural to believe in great men. 

38. It is always safe to learn, even from our enemies. 

39. It is folly to think of that now. 

40. To obey his commandments is to honor God. 

41. Please remember to prepare the work carefully. 

42. It is easy to sugar to be sweet and to niter to be salt. 
— Emerson, 

USES OF THE PARTICIPLE. 

Analyze the Sentences: — 

1. Listening to good music is very enjoyable. 

2. I heard the whistling. 

3. The music is entertaining. 

4. True worth is in being, not seeming. 

5. The wounded were taken to the hospital. 

6. Making promises is not keeping them. 

7. Buying goods on credit caused his failure. 

8. Such a story was not worth relating. 

9. The speakers were received with ringing cheers. 

10. The bell ringing from the steeple aroused the people. 

11. Toiling, rejoicing, sorrowing. 

Onward through life he goes. — Longfellow, 

12. The trench dug across the street is full of water, 

13. Completely exhausted, we could go no farther. 

14. Have you ever tried modeling in clay? 

15. Her greatest joy is doing good to others. 

16. Nature is best conquered by obeying her. 

17. It was a real pleasure, climbing the mountains. 

18. He comes attended by his friends. 

19. The Indian, having warned them by these words, 
departed. 

20. The car came rattling along. 

21. What person, seeing this, does not blush? 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 33 

22. Across the ocean came a pilgrim bark bearing the seeds 
of Ufe and death. 

23. Tfte bridge was only loose planks, laid upon large 
trestles. 

24. He lived retired from the busy world, devoted to study 
and meditation. 

25. And children coming home from school 
Look in at the open door. — Longfellow. 

26. We went into a dingy room lined with books and 
littered with papers. 

2y. Putting self in second place 

Yields a wealth of gentle grace. — Kingle, 

28. Animated by the hope of winning the victory, the 
soldiers marched on. 

29. Here I shall behold the rising of the great light. 

30. He lived unnoticed by the world. 

31., Admitting a wrong will not make it right. 

32. The miser kept grubbing and saving and starving. 

33. That kind of work is worth doing well. 

34. That new book is Vv^ell worth reading. 

35. Talking of exercise, do you enjoy tennis? 

36. The Coliseum was capable of seating ninety thousand 
persons. 

37. The fat of the body is fuel laid away for use. 
38.. Reading aloud is an accomplishment. 

39. That is like paying for a thing and not getting it. 

40. The setting of a great hope is like the setting of 
the sun. 

MISCELLANEOUS SENTENCES ON VERBALS. 

1. We learn to do by doing. 

2. The wise and active conquer difficulties by daring to 
attempt them. 

3 



34 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

3. Expecting to receive a letter telling me of the accident, 
I waited a day later. 

4. The package received yesterday, is to be sent to the 
missionaries working in India. 

5. They scattered in dismay only to gather together again, 
reinforced by several hundred. 

6. Enraptured with the beautiful scenery, he determined 
to explore the country. 

7. It was like trying to catch fish with a pin-hook. 

8. We promised to be there ready to receive any person 
coming from the camp. 

9. There seems to be no danger of applying this rule 
too rigidly. 

10. Sir Philip Sydney was said to be the finest gentleman 
in England. 

11. The reward of one duty performed, is the power to 
fulfill another. — George Eliot, 

12. He dared not refuse, and consented, after trying to 
make a few vain excuses. 

13. I love to watch the clouds go sailing by. 

14. Hearing a ship pounding on the rocks, he went to 
help the sailors. 

15. It is human nature to take delight in exciting admira- 
tion. 

16. Not to wear one's best things every day is a maxim 
of New England thrift. 

17. He had nothing to do but to spend the money left 
him by his father, 

18. Authors must not, like Chinese soldiers, expect to 
win victories by turning somersets in the air. — Longfellow, 

19. He woke to die midst flame and smoke. 
And shout and groan and saber-stroke. 

And death shots falling thick and fast. — Halleck, 

20. We have come to acknowledge the aid imparted and 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 35 

to own the important part taken by the naval ships of both 
countries. 

21. To refuse to do a bad thing is to do a good one. 

22. Exhausted, I lay down on the ground to wait their 
coming. 

23. The listening crowd waited to hear the last word. 

24. To be sure, it was only a pretext for removing the 
old house. 

25. The firm expects to be moving out to-morrow. 

26. The atrocious crime of being a young man, I shall 
attempt neither to palliate nor deny. — Pitt\^ Reply to Walpoie. 

2y, She stood before her father's gorgeous tent, 
To listen for his coming. — A^. P. Willis, 

28. The beggar, on receiving it, poured forth blessings 
without number. 

29. He woke to hear his sentries shriek. 

To arms ! they come ! the Greek ! the Greek ! — Halleck. 

30. This is not to be obtained by one or two hasty readings. 

31. The country has nothing to fear from a man of his 
character. 

32. Her work, teaching music, she seems to enjoy. 

33. The boy came running to meet us. 

34. He was about to return to his native land. 

ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES. 

1. He can show his moral courage, only by daring to 
do right. 

2. I rambled in the woods to observe the habits of count- 
less feathered multitudes abounding on every side. 

3. ''A falcon, towering in her pride of place. 

Was by a mousing owl hawked at and killed.'' 

4. To try to do one's work well and to be happy in doing 
it is one way to bless mankind. 



36 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

5. So to live is heaven: 

To make undying music in the world. — George Eliot. 

6. Go forth to meet the solemnities and to conquer the 
trials of existence, believing in a Shepherd of your souls. — 
5^. A, Brooke, 

7. In speaking to children v^e should endeavor to avoid 
all confusing terms. 

8. Pleased to be at home again, he sat for hours telling 
them stories of sea-life. 

9. Nature has taken especial pains to enable the owl to 
fly softly and silently. — Burroughs. 

10. Then I saw the gardens and orchards of Damascus, 
watered by the streams of Abana and Pharpar, with their 
sloping swards inlaid with bloom and their thickets of myrrh 
and roses. — Henry Van Dyke, 

11. It is worth while, in the days of our youth, to strive 
hard for great discipline, to pass sleepless nights for it, to 
give up for it laborious days, to spurn for it present pleasures, 
to endure for it afflicting poverty. — Sydney Smith, 

12. Calm, strong, and nobly aglow with love of country, 
he has* no need of going into paroxysms in order to prove 
his sincerity. — Boyesen, 

13. Restless, sleepless, unable to read, tired of sitting, 
driven on by the desire to get rid of his own thoughts, 
he started out to walk. — Allen. 

14. " Refreshed and replenished by the silver stream of 
inspiration, the pulpit has steadily marched through the suc- 
ceeding periods of the world's history, tearing down the bul- 
warks of bigotry, error and superstition." 

15. In that calm Syrian afternoon, memory, a pensive 
Ruth, went gleaning the silent fields of childhood, and found 
the scattered grain still golden and the morning sunlight fresh 
and fair. — Curtis. 

This sentence may be said to contdim an Abridged Clause. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 37 

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE. 

Use. 

Adjective modifier. 

I rank him with men who speak for justice. 

Connectives. 

1. Relative pronouns. 

Who, which, that, as, hut, with their forms. 

2. Relative adverb. 

Where, when, whereon, wherein, etc. 
The relative pronoun may fill the following noun offices in 
the adjective clause : — 

1. Subject. 

The man who is diligent will succeed. 

2. Subjective complement. 

He is not the man that he should be. 

3. Object complement. 

He is not the man whom we heard. 

4. Possessive modifier. 

Blessed is he whose transgressions are forgiven, 

5. Base of a preposition. 

This is the passage that he alluded to. 

QUESTIONS. 

Show that the relative adverb is equivalent to a preposi- 
tional phrase whose base is a relative pronoun. 
That is the place where they should meet. 
That is the place in which they should meet. 
Show that the relative pronoun has the office of connective 
and of pronoun in the same sentence. Also that the relative 
adverb has the office of connective and adverb in the same 
sentence. 



38 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

Form sentences using the relative pronouns and relative 
adverbs in sentences. Pay especial attention to as and but 
as relative pronouns. Consult references for the adjective 
clause as restrictive or non-restrictive. 

Analyze the following sentences, giving especial atten- 
tion to the clauses and connectives : — 

1. They also serve, who only stand and wait. 

2. He is not the captain that he should be. 

3. He is not the man that I thought he was. 

4. That is the artist whom you saw last week. 

5. He is a person whose integrity is unquestioned. 

6. That is a person to whom much can be trusted. 

7. Such as are virtuous are happy. 

8. As many as came were satisfied. 

9. There is no one but should be happy. 

10. That is the place where the violets grow. 
IT. Each man whom I saw had a musket. 

12. That* is the moment when we must leave. 

13. Your life should be like a snow-flake, which leaves a 
mark but not a stain. 

14. He returned to the place where he spent his childhood. 

15. Such books as I have, I am willing to lend. 

16. I hold the same opinion as my father. 

17. There was not one present but wished himself away. 

18. The moment one task is done, we must begin another. 

19. That is no true alms which the hand can hold. 

He gives nothing but worthless gold. 
Who gives from a sense of duty. — LozvelL 

20. Render therefore unto Caesar the things which are 
Caesar's, and unto God the things which are God's. 

21. He is below himself that is not above an injury. 

22. We shall be called upon to bear nothing that has not 
been borne before. 

23. Words, looks, steps and actions form the alphabet by 
which you may spell character. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 39 

24. We visited the house where Ruskin lived. 

25. There are times when the brain is tired with study 
and thinking. 

26. He gave a good analysis of the book he had read. 
2y, Have you forgotten all the blessings you have enjoyed? 

28. Those persons are most honored whose lives most 
deserve it. 

29. He is a hero staunch and brave, 

Who fights an unseen foe. 

30. I wandered lonely as a cloud 

That floats on high o'er vales and hills. — Wordsworth. 

31. Read from some humbler poet, 

Whose songs gushed from his heart. — Longfellow. 

32. Not a soldier discharged his farewell shot. 

O'er the grave where our hero was buried. — Wolfe. 

33. Grass overgrows the spot where the pride and power 
and wealth of Rome sat down to its barbarous entertainment. 

34. I have but one lamp by which my feet are guided, 
and that is the lamp of experience. — Patrick Henry. 

35. '' We have done everything that could be done to 
avert the storm which is now coming on.'' 

36. We cannot wholly silence the monitor within us. 

37. Wonderful were the means by which those schemes 
were accomplished. 

38. Upon the whole, there was in this man something that 
could create, subvert or reform. — Grattan. 

39. The love of fame is the last weakness which is re- 
signed, even by the wise. 

40. A man who can not mind his own business is not to 
be trusted with the king's. 

41. Office confers no honor on a man who is worthy of 
it. — Holmes. 

42. They must upward still and onward who would keep 
abreast of truth. — Lowell. 



40 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

43. Napoleon's troops fought in bright fields where every 
helmet caught some beams of glory. — Napier. 

44. But in Hampden and in Hampden alone were united 
all the qualities which at such a crisis were necessary to save 
the state. — Macaulay, 

45. Go back to the place whence you came. 

46. There is a tide in the affairs of men, 
Which, taken at the flood, leads on to fortune. 

— Shakespeare, 

47. " There was a time when meadow, grove and stream 

The earth and every common sight 
To me did seem 
Appareled in celestial light." 

48. How sleep the brave who sink to rest, 

By all their country's wishes blest. — Collins. 

49. " In the lexicon of youth, which fate has reserved 
for a bright manhood, there is no such word as fail" 

50. preat peace have they that love Thy law : and nothing 
shall offend them. 

ADVERBIAL CLAUSE. 

Use. 

Adverbial modifier. 

Fools rush in where angels fear to tread. 

Connectives. 

1. Subordinate conjunction. 

If he comes we can not go. 

2. Conjunctive adverb. 

We will go when the time comes. 

Consult the references for subordinate conjunctions and 
conjunctive abverbs. 

Bring out clearly the difference between the conjunctive 
adverb and the relative adverb. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 4^ 

Clauses divided acc9rding to meaning* 

1. Time. 

They went when the sun rose. 

2. Place. 

Man's treasure is where his heart is. 

3. Manner. 

He did as he was told. 

4. Condition. 

John will go if his brother does not. 

5. Concession. 

Though he is diligent^ he does not succeed. 

6. Cause. 

He came because they sent for him. 

7. Purpose. 

The miser Hves that he may hoard money. 

8. Degree. 

His work is better than this. 

9. Result. 

I am so tired that I can not stand. 

Analyze the following sentences, giving particular 
attention to the Adverbial Clauses. 

1. Work while daylight shines. 

2. When the robin sings, we know the spring is here. 

3. We can not write well until we have read the best 
authors. 

4. Contentment is better than wealth. 

5. He became rich, because he attended to his business. 
6. " Keep thy heart with all diligence ; for out of it are 

the issues of life." 

7. Arts still followed where Rome's eagle flew. 

8. Speak the speech as I tell you. 

9. We punish a man that he may offend no more. 



42 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

10. Although the work was hard, he did it vv^ith a will. 

11. The more I read Browning, the better I like him. 

12. Language was given us that we might say pleasant 
things to each other. 

13. '' Whither I go, ye can not come.'' 

14. Since you say so, I must believe it. 

15. Go now, whenever you are ready. 

16. There is no man too bad to respect the good when he 
sees it. 

17. Where nature bestows genius, education will give 
accomplishments. 

18. Christianity has carried civilization along with it, 
wherever it has gone. 

19. " Habit is a cable. We weave a thread of it each day 
until it becomes so strong we can not break it." 

20. The mind shall banquet, though the body pine. 

21. If you have called a man ungrateful, you have called 
him everything that is base. 

22. Our food is always sweet, because we earn before we 
eat. 

23. The less desire we have for honor and favors, the 
happier we shall be. 

24. Wisdom is often nearer when we stoop than when we 
soar. 

25. He can do the work well, provided he will take time 
enough to do it. 

26. Confidence can not dwell where selfishness is porter 
at the gate. 

2^. They deserved the respect of their fellow-townsmen, 
for they were good men as well as brave. 

28. Our talents were given us, that we might use them 
well. 

29. His words were shed softer than leaves from the pine, 
And they fell on Sir Launfal as snows on the brine. 

— Loivell 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 4j| 

30. While I was looking at the pigeons, a flock of wild 
geese went by, harrowing the sky northward. — Burroughs, 

31. The good general was as frightened as .a truly brave 
man can be. 

32. I saw him once before. 
As he passed by the door. 

— Holmes. 

33. Trifles lighter than straws are levers in building char- 
acter. 

34. Rectitude of will is a greater ornament than bright- 
ness of understanding. 

35. The best servant I ever had is myself, for he always 
obeys me. 

36. Henceforward, listen as we will. 
The voices of that hearth are still. 
Look where we may the wide earth o'er, 
Those lighted faces are no more. 

— Whittier, 

37. The youth redoubled his exertions for they were ap- 
proaching the most dangerous part of the river. 

38. On the same evening, after he had finished his day's 
work, he obtained a small text-book on astronomy. 

39. Wherever the bamboos are found in abundance, the 
natives apply them to a variety of uses. 

40. If Right made Might, in every fight, — 
The world would be the better for it. 

41. The crowd was so great that the judges with difficulty 
made their way through it. 

42. A wise man values content more than riches. 

43. We love prosperity as well and wisely as we endure 
misfortune. 

44. Every word in that paper is so important that we should 
carefully consider it. 

45. Be not weary in well doing, for in due season ye shall 
reap if ye faint not. 



44 StUDi£S IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. ^ 

NOUN CLAUSE. 
Uses. 

1. Subject. 

That you are right is evident. 

2. Object Complement. 

I know that you are right, 

3. Subjective Complement. 

The fact is that Columbus discovered America. 

4. Appositive. 

It is true that he was the speaker, 

5. Object of the Preposition. 

Have birds any sense of why they sing? 

6. Subject of a verbal in an abridged clause which is 
used adverbially. 

That he is innocent being proved, he may be released. 

Connectives. 

1. Introductory Conjunction. 

That he is innocent is true. 

2. Conjunctive pronoun. 

I do not know who she is. 

3. Conjunctive adjective. 

He knows which boy will go. 

4. Conjunctive adverb. 

We know why he went. 

Write sentences showing the use of the noun clause and 
also of the connectives. 

Show how the conjunctive pronoun is like the relative 
pronoun and how it differs from it. 

EXERCISES FOR ANALYSIS. 
Noun Clause. 

1. That his cause is just is acknowledged by all. 

2. We know that Charles Lee was a traitor. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 45 

3. The fact is that Charles Lee was a traitor. 

4. It is known that Charles Lee was a traitor. 

5. You said nothing about why you were going. 

6. I am not satisfied that this is authentic. 

7. Do you know why the birds are singing? 

8. Did he say which boy would do the work? 

9. Who the lady is was not known. 

10. I did not know what the speaker said. 

11. He does not know whose book it is. 

12. I do not know of whom he is speaking. 

13. The child asked who it was. 

14. The last words of Nelson were, " I have done my 
duty and I thank God for it." 

15. It must be that nature is directed by an infinite power. 

16. The man is certain that his course is without danger. 

17. Greater love hath no man than this, that a man lay 
down his life for his friends. 

18. It is true, that the winter gives attractions to the city, 
in endless meetings, lectures and concerts. 

19. Andre told them (Paulding, Williams and Van Wort) 
he had a pass to White Plains, on urgent business from 
General Arnold. 

20. It appears to me that winter comes to relieve the year 
of satiety. 

21. Do you ever wonder why poets talk so much about 
flowers ? — Holmes, 

22. The secret of most men's misery is, that they are 
trying to please themselves. — F. Z). Maurice, 

23. Our times are in His hand 

Who saith, A whole I planned. — Browning, 

24. What I must do, is all that concerns me. — Emerson. 

25. Life! I know not what thou art. 

26. Tell if you can, what is it to be wise. — Pope, 

27. Whether habits grow upon a man, need not be ask^d. 



46 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

28. I do not know whether he will go to-day or to-morrow. 

29. We feared lest he might be detained too long. 

30. How much the nation's strength has been impaired 
can hardly be imagined. 

31. He feared to tell her it was her duty to go. 

32. We are not certain that an open sea surrounds the pole. 

33. Believing that you are right does not make it so. 

34. How wide do you think the Pacific Ocean is? 

35. Whoso keepeth the law is a wise son. 

36. Shame may restrain what law does not prohibit. 

37. Consider well what your strength is equal to, and 
what exceeds your ability. — Horace, 

38. Breathes there a man with soul so dead, 
Who never to himself hath said — 

''This is my own, my native land?" — Scott, 

39. They will do whatever seems best to do. 

40. I know not where His islands lift 
Their fronded palms in air; 

I only know I cannot drift 

Beyond his love and care. — Whittier, 

41. John Quincy Adams's last words were, — '' This is 
the last of earth; I am content.'' 

42. Know well, my soul, God's hand controls 
Whate'er thou fearest. — Whittier. 

43. Nobody knew how the fisherman brown, 
With a look of despair that was half a frown 
Faced his fate on that furious night. — Lucy Larcom. 

44. It is the sign, he said. The King is coming, and I 
will go to meet him. — Henry van Dyke. 

45. Books, we know, are a substantial world, both pure 

and good. 
Round which, with tendrils strong as flesh and blood. 
Our pastime and our happiness can grow. — Words- 
worth, 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 47 

46. In his last hours, Wolsey said, 
" Be just and fear not; 
Let all the ends thou aim'st at be thy country's. 
Thy God's and truth's." — Shakespeare's ''Wolsey," 

ABRIDGED CLAUSE. 

Definition. 

Consult references. 

Show the difference between the objective complement and 
the abridged clause. 

They elected John captain. 
They found the report to be true. 

Show that the abridged clause used as object complement, 
j is considered by some authors as the object and objective; 
i as, in the sentence above, ' report ' is used as object and ' to 
be true' as objective complement. Why is the subject of the 
j abridged clause in the nominative, possessive or objective 
J case? How does the abridged clause differ from the un- 
I abridged clause? Why does it have no connective? 
Uses. 

Noun Use. 

1. Subject. 
His being a foreigner caused the mistake. 
He was ordered to go at once, 

2. Object Complement. 
His work necessitated his being absent. 
They saw Mary studying her lesson. 
We wish him to go at once, 

3. Object of a Preposition. 
I did not hear of his going. 
We waited for them to come. 

Adverbial Use. 

4. Adverb. 
Winter having gone, the flowers are here. 



48 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

EXERCISES FOR ANALYSIS. 

1. I believe him to be honest. 

2. He is believed to be honest. 

3. His admitting the fact will not affect the argument. 

4. The man saw the soldier dying. 

5. He felt the boat sinking. 

6. Did you wait for us to come? 

7. He was believed to be guilty. 

8. Let us go home at once. 

9. They saw the sailor climb the rope. 

10. No time is too short for the wicked to injure their 
neighbors. 

11. It is impossible for some authors to see beauties in 
another's work. 

12. He allowed small faiHngs to deface an amiable char- 
acter. 

13. Does good-breeding make the tongue falsify the heart? 

14. The food being exhausted, the city surrendered. 

15. Emerson tells us to hitch our wagon to a star. 

16. For a man to love his work is a duty. 

17. Let us do and say nothing untrue. 

18. On our returning home we found our friends impa- 
tiently waiting for us. 

19. The officer commanded the prisoner to surrender. 

20. They insisted on his following them. 

21. Her meeting them was very fortunate. 

22. We desired him to go home. 

23. I am not sure of his being there to-morrow. 

24. The jury believed him to be guilty. 

25. The rain having ceased to fall, we look for a rainbow. 

26. His buying goods on credit caused him to fail. 

2^, A storm having arisen, we were driven into the harbor. 
28. They expect Harry to give the address of welcome. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 49 

29. " Let man, who hopes to be forgiven 

Forgive and bless his foe/' 

30. This point having been ascertained, General Howe 
moved his army up the East River. 

31. '' Let the dead past bury its dead.'' 

32. They being with us at the time, I was encouraged to 
go in. 

33. If you wish a thing to be well done, do not expect 
others to do it. 

34. Never let a difficulty stare you out of countenance. 

35. My story being done, 

She gave me for my pains, a world of sighs. — Shake- 
speare, 

36. His success depends upon his remaining true to his 
principles. 

37. We wish you to enjoy the pleasure of hearing her sing. 

38. I count this thing to be grandly true. 

That a noble deed is a step toward God. — Holland, 

39. He having been detained by the accident, he lost his 
opportunity of seeing his friends. 

40. To keep a secret is wisdom; but to expect another to 
keep it is folly. — flolmes. 

41. For a man to forget the friends of his childhood is 
base. 

42. I know it is a sin 
For me to sit and grin 

At him here. — Holmes. 

43. If any man would come after Me, let him deny him- 
self and take up his cross and follow Me. 

44. Our guide having returned, he wished us to go on, 
but the air was too chill for us to go higher. 

45. It is as easy now for the heart to be true 

As for grass to be green or skies to be blue. — Lowell 



50 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

COMPLEX SENTENCES FOR ANALYSIS. 

1. To assume that a person is guilty of an offense because 
appearances are against him is manifestly unjust. 

2. I may speak of fame as Falstaff did of honor. 

3. Did you know the person to whom he was speaking? 

4. Whoever can be his own master should not be the 
servant of another. 

5. Whatever you do, do quickly. 

6. Did your friend say when she should return ? 

7. The Holy Supper is kept, indeed 

In whatso we share with another's need. — Lowell 

8. Carlyle said, ''A man without a purpose is like a ship 
without a rudder." 

9. He who resolves to do right has God on his side. 

10. More things are wrought by prayer than this world 
dreams of. — Tennyson. 

11. The books which help you most are those which make 
you think most. — Theodore Parker. 

12. It is better to be alone than in bad company. 

13. If the book is in the library, you may read it. 

14. Our friends say they will go to-morrow, provided the 
weather is fair. 

15. It must not be supposed that the ItaHans hate the 
Austrians as individuals. — Howells, 

16. While stands the Coliseum, Rome shall stand, 
When falls the Coliseum, Rome shall fall. — Byron. 

17. And there they stand, as stands a lofty mind, 
Worn, but unstooping to the baser crowd. — Byron. 

18. You think because my life is rude, 

I take no note of sweetness. — Whittier. 

19. A man should never be afraid to own that he has been 
in the wrong. 

20. We sometimes take great pains to persuade others 
that we are happy. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 51 

21. Knowledge is the result of what we, ourselves, have 
felt, thought or done. 

22. Whatever is most beautiful is most noble. 

22i. As pride is sometimes hidden under humility, so idle- 
ness is often covered by turbulence and hurry. 

24. Whosoever is choice of his time will also be choice 
of his company. 

25. I cannot feel that thou art far 

Since near at hand the angels are. — Whittier. 

26. How many a poor one's blessing went 
With thee beneath the low green tent 

Whose curtain never outward swings. — Whittier. 

27. My early life ran quiet as the brooks by which I 
sported.— Kellogg. 

28. We look before and after 

And pine for what is not. — Shelley, 

29. We do pray for mercy; 

And that same prayer doth teach us all to render 
The deeds of mercy. — Shakespeare. 

30. O yet we trust that somehow good 

Will be the final goal of ill. — Tennyson. 

31. Take the wings 

Of morning, and the Barcan desert pierce. 
Or lose thyself in the continuous woods 
Where rolls the Oregon.— -Bryant. 
32. Let us, if we must have great actions, make our own 
so. — Emerson. 

33. The rose is fairest when 'tis budding new.— -Scott. 

34. The report was that he would enter the arniy. 

35. I well believe that ne'er, before 

Your foot has trod Loch .Katrine's shore.— Scott. 

36. Patience is so like fortitude that she seems ^ either her 
sister or her . daughter.. . . . . ;. 

37. It -is. not .known .who. wrote the boqk of Job.^ 



52 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

38. That is the man, who I think will give the address. 

39. To know just what is right at all times is not possible. 

40. Am I my brother's keeper? was the question asked by 
the guilty Cain. 

41. Whoever outstrips his own errors must run well. 

42. Labor shuts the door and closes all the avenues where- 
by temptation may enter. 

43. The more a man strives to overtake fame, the sooner 
will he lose her. 

44. Know ye the land where the cypress and myrtle 

Are emblems of deeds that are done in their clime ? — 
Byron. 

45. There is a power whose care 

Teaches thy way along that pathless coast. — Bryant. 

46. Shall I ask the soldier who fights by my side in the 
cause of mankind, if our creeds agree ? — Tom Moore. 

47. So near is grandeur to our dust. 

So near is God to man, 
When duty whispers low, " Thou must," 
The soul replies, '' I can.'' — Emerson, 

48. You never can tell what your thoughts will do in 

bringing you hate or love. 
For thoughts are things, and their airy wings are 
swifter than carrier doves. — Ella Wheeler Wilcox. 

49. But half of our heavy task was done, 

When the clock struck the hour for retiring. — Chas. 
Wolfe. 

50. Take thy banner ! — and if e'er 
Thou shouldst press a soldier's bier, 
And the muffled drum should beat 
To the tread of mournful feet. 
Then this crimson flag shall be 
Martial cloak and shroud to thee. 

And the warrior took that banner proud 
And it was his martial cloak and shroud. — Longfel- 
low, ''Banner of Pulaski" 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. §3 

COMPOUND SENTENCES. 

I- Joy, joy forever! My task is done — 

The gates are passed and heaven is won. — Toniu 
Moore. 

2. The work must be done else the reward can not be 
obtained. 

3. " Happiness grows at our own fireside, and it is not 
picked in strangers' gardens. 

4. There is in man a Higher than love of happiness; he 
can do without happiness, and instead thereof find blessed- 
ness. — Carlyle. 

5. I pray the prayer of Plato old — 
God make thee beautiful within 
And let thine eyes the good behold 
In everything save sin. — Whittier, 

6. "The king has come to marshal us, in all his armor 

drest, 
And he has bound a snow-white plume upon his gal- 
lant crest.'* 

7. Recollect that trifles make perfection and that per- 
fection is no trifle. 

8. Not only am I instructed by this exercise, but I am 
also invigorated. 

9. This part of knowledge has been growing and it will 
continue to grow till the subject is exhausted. 

ID. I hate a fellow whom pride or cowardice or laziness 
drives into a corner, and who does nothing when he is there 
but sit and growl. 

MISCELLANEOUS EXAMPLES FOR ANALYSIS. 

I. Somewhere above us in elusive ether, lives the ful- 
fillment of our dearest dreams. 

2. My son, observe the postage stamp! Its usefulness 



54 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAM M AIR. 

depends upon its ability to stick to one thing until it gets 
there. — Josh Billings, 

3. Let there be many windows to your soul, 
That all the glory of the universe 

May beautify it. — Ella Wheeler Wilcox, 

4. A foot more light, a step more true. 

Ne'er from the heath flower dashed the dew. — Scott. 

5. A great many books are not worth reading at all. 

6. To have what we want is riches, but to be able to do 
without it is power. — Mac Donald, 

7. The sergeants, seeing these things, told him secrets 
generally hid from young officers. — Kipling, 

8. Born in the country, he was ignorant as a sign-post 
of what came out of the soil. — Jas, T, Field, 

9. It is an old saying, that as a tree's inclined, so will 
it grow. 

10. We believe that woman will bless and brighten every 
place she enters, and that she will enter every place on the 
round earth. — Frances E, Willard, 

11. The life of the Great Napoleon in its greatest days 
had been devoted to the one purpose of humiliating England. 
— McCarthy, 

12. Never forget that the only indestructible material in 
destiny's fierce crucible is character. — Frances E. Willard, 

13. Cromwell, I charge thee, fling away ambition; 
By that sin fell the angels, how can man, then. 

The image of his Maker, hope to win by it ? — Shake- 
speare's "" Wolsey.'' 

14. Seest thou nothing else, Rebecca, by which the Black 
Knight may be distinguished? — Scott, 

15. "Master," replied the beggar, "I like your frankness 
much." 

16. Who steals my purse steals trash. — Shakespeare, 

17. The next day when I passed, the room appeared as 
usual. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 55 

i8. I thank God, that, if I am gifted with little of that spirit 
which is able to raise mortals to the skies^ I have yet none of 
that other spirit which would drag angels down. — Webster. 

19. The Venus of Milo is only a combination of the most 
perfect natures which the sculptor found in a dozen or a hun- 
dred human beings. 

20. '' There is one certain means/' replied the Prince, " by 
which I can be sure never to see my country's ruin — I can 
die in the last ditch.'' — William of Orange, 

21. Hail to the chief who in triumph advances ! 
Honored and blest to the ever-green Pine. — Scott, 

22. Ye are better than all the ballads 
That were ever sung or said, 
For ye are the living poems 

And all the rest are dead. — Longfellow, 

23. Lord North sounded the keynote to the whole British 
policy, when he said, '' To repeal the tea-duty v/ould stamlp 
us with timidity." 

24. Louis Napoleon, said a member of his family, deceived 
Europe twice: first when he succeeded in passing off as an 
idiot, and next, when he succeeded in passing off as a states- 
man. — McCarthy. 

25. God's plans, like lilies pure and white, unfold. 

26. I know that I am weak and that the pathway of his 
providence is on the hills, where I may never climb, therefore 
my reason yields her hand to faith, and follows meekly where 
the angels tread. — Holland, 

2y, " They talk about a woman's sphere 
As though it had a limit." 

28. The mystic chords of memory, stretching from every 
battlefield and patriot grave to every living heart and hearth- 
stone all over this broad land, will yet swell the chrous of 
the Union when again touched, as surely they will be, by the 
better angels of our nature. — Lincoln, 



S6 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

29. "Yet life, to my thinking, is a cup worth drinking." 

30. O may I join the choir invisible 

Of those immortal dead who live again 
In minds made better by their presence. — George 
Eliot, 

31. He lives to learn in life's hard school, 

How few who pass above him 
Lament their triumph and his loss 

Like her — because they love him. — Whittier. 

32. The world was all before them, where to choose 
Their place of rest, and Providence their guide. — 

Milton's ''Paradise Lost/' 

33. He who, from zone to zone. 
Guides through the boundless sky 
Thy certain flight. 

In the long way that I must tread alone, 
Will lead my steps aright. — Bryant. 

34. Others might possess the qualities which were neces- 
sary to save the popular party in the hour of danger; he 
alone had the power and the inclination to restrain its excesses 
in the hour of triumph. — Macaulay on John Hampden. 

35. I know that love never was wasted. 
Nor truth, nor the breath of a prayer, 

And the thought that goes forth as a blessing, 
Must live as a joy in the air. — Lucy Larcom. 

36. Along the roadside, like the flowers of gold 
That tawny Incas for their gardens wrought. 
Heavy with sunshine droops the golden-rod. — Whit- 
tier, 

37. The noble Brutus 

Hath told you Caesar was ambitious. — Shakespeare. 

38. You all did see that on the Lupercal 

I thrice presented him a kingly crown. 
Which he did thrice refuse. — Shakespeare. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 57 

39. Methought I heard a voice cry, '' Sleep no more ! " 
Macbeth does murder sleep. — Shakespeare. 

40. Is there a write^ in the country who is willing to make 
himself of no account for the sake of what he has to say ? — 
Burroughs. 

41. Thank God every morning when you get up, that you 
have something to do which must be done whether you like 
it or not. — Charles. 

ADDITIONAL EXAMPLES FOR ANALYSIS. 

1. Were I Brutus, 

And Brutus, Antony, there were an Antony 
Would ruffle up your spirits, and put a tongue 
In every wound of Caesar, that should move 
The stones of Rome to rise and mutiny. — Shake- 
speare. 

2. "A youth told proudly his hopes and plans. 
With his own strong hand all his future drew, 
To the calm old man, earth-tired, heaven bound. 
Who answered, from all that his great heart knew. 
Only these words, 'And then ? ' '' 

3. When my eyes shall be turned to behold for the last 
time the sun in heaven, may I not see him shining on the 
broken and dishonored fragments of a once-glorious Union; 
on States dissevered, discordant, belligerent; on a land rent 
with civil feuds, or drenched, it may be, in fraternal blood! 
Let their last feeble and lingering glance rather behold the 
gorgeous ensign of the Republic, now known and honored 
throughout the earth, still full high advanced, its arms and 
trophies streaming in their original luster, not a stripe erased 
or polluted, nor a single star obscured, bearing for its motto 
no such miserable interrogatory as, '' What is all this worth ? " 
nor those words of delusion and folly, " Liberty first, and 



58 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

union afterward ; '' but everywhere spread all over in char- 
acters of living light, blazing on all its ample folds, as they 
float over the sea and over the land, and in every wind under 
the whole heavens, that other sentiment, dear to every true 
American heart, — Liberty and Union, now and forever, one 
and inseparable ! — Webster, 

4. When thoughts 

Of the bitter hour come like a blight 

Over thy spirit, and sad images 

Of the stern agony, and shroud and pall. 

And breathless darkness and the narrow house, 

Make thee to shudder and grow sick at heart ; — 

Go forth, under the open sky and list 

To Nature's teachings, while from all around 

Earth and her waters and the depths of air. 

Comes a still voice. — Bryant, 

5. Ye stars! which are the poetry of heaven. 

If in your bright leaves we would read the fate 
Of men and empires, — 'tis to be forgiven. 
That in our aspirations to be great, 
Our destinies o'erleap their mortal state. 
And claim a kindred with you ; for ye are 
A beauty and a mystery, and create 
In us such love and reverence from afar, 
That fortune, fame, power, life, have named them- 
selves a star. — Byron, 

6. Give human nature reverence for the sake 
Of One who bore it, making it divine 
With the ineffable tenderness of God; 

Let common need, the brotherhood of prayer. 
The heirship of an unknown destiny. 
The unsolved mystery round about us, make 
A man more precious than the gold of Ophir. 
Sacred, inviolate, unto whom all things 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 59 

Should minister, as outward types and signs 

Of the eternal beauty which fulfils 

The one great purpose of creation, Love, 

The sole necessity of Earth and Heaven ! — Whittier. 

7. And now, when comes the calm mild day, as still such 

days will come, 

To call the squirrel and the bee from out their winter 
home ; 

When the sound of dropping nuts is heard, though all 
the trees are still, 

And twinkle in the smoky light the waters of the rill, 

The south wind searches for the flowers whose fra- 
grance late he bore, 

And sighs to find them in the wood and by the stream 
no more. — Bryant. 

8. Haply some hoary-headed swain may say, 

'' Oft have we seen him at the peep of dawn, 
Brushing, with hasty steps the dews away. 
To meet the sun upon the upland lawn. — Gray. 

9. O lonely grave in the Moab's land! 
O dark Beth Peor's hill! 

Speak to these restless hearts of ours. 
And teach them to be still. 
God hath his mysteries of grace, 
Ways that we can not tell ; 
He hides them deep, like the hidden sleep 
Of him he loved so well. — Mrs. Alexander. 
10. Pleasant it was, when woods were green. 

And winds were soft and low. 
To lie amid some sylvan scene. 

Where, the long drooping boughs between. 

Shadows dark and sunlight sheen 
Alternate come and go; 

Or where the denser grove receives 



6d STUDIES Iisr ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

No sunlight from above, 
But the dark foliage interweaves 
In one unbroken roof of leaves, 
Underneath whose sloping eaves 

The shadows hardly move. — Longfellow. 

11. A tall, handsome youth of twenty-two came forward — 
a man whose name from that time forward, and as long as 
history shall endure, has been, and will be, more familiar 
than any other in the mouths of Netherlanders. At that 
day he had rather a southern than a German or Flemish 
appearance. He had a Spanish cast of features, dark, well- 
chiselled, and symmetrical. His head was small and well 
placed upon his shoulders. His hair was dark-brown, as 
were also his moustache and peaked beard. His forehead 
was lofty, spacious, and already prematurely engraved with 
the anxious lines of thought. His eyes were full, brown, well 
opened, and expressive of profound reflection. He was 
dressed in the magnificent apparel for which the Nether- 
landers were celebrated above all other nations, and which 
the ceremony rendered necessary. — Motley. 

12. A heart as bold as his brought up the cuirassiers who 
turned the tide of battle on Marston Moor. As skilful an eye 
as his watched the Scotch army descending from the heights 
over Dunbar. But it was when to the sullen tyranny of Laud 
and Charles had succeeded the fierce conflict of sects and 
factions, ambitious of ascendency and burning for revenge, 
it was when the vices and ignorance which the old tyranny 
had generated threatened the new freedom with destruction 
that England missed the sobriety, the self-command, the per- 
fect soundness of judgment, the perfect rectitude of intention, 
to which the history of revolutions furnishes no parallel, or 
furnishes a parallel in Washington alone. — Macaulay. 

- 13. It is thought by som,e people that all those stars which 
you see glittering so restlessly on a keen, frosty night in a 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 6 1 

high latitude, and which seem to have been sown broadcast 
with as much carelessness as grain lies on a threshing-floor, 
here showing vast zaarahs of desert blue sky, there again 
lying close, and to some eyes presenting — 

" The beauteous semblance of a flock at rest,'' 

are, in fact, gathered into zones or strata; that our own wicked 
Httle earth, with the whole of our peculiar solar system, is 
a part of such a zone ; and that all this perfect geometry of the 
heavens, these radii in the mighty wheel, would become ap- 
parent, if we, the spectators, could but survey it from the 
true centre; which centre may be far too distant for any 
vision of man, naked or armed, to reach. — De Quincey, 

14. The place was worthy of such a trial. It was the 
great hall of William Rufus, the hall which had resounded 
with acclamations at the inauguration of thirty kings, the 
hall which had witnessed the just sentence of Bacon and the 
just absolution of Sonaers, the hall where the eloquence of 
Straflford had for a moment awed and melted a victorious 
party inflamed with just resentment, the hall where Charles 
had confronted the High Court of Justice with the placid 
courage which has half redeemed his fame. — Macaiilay. 

15. Sky, mountains, river, winds, lake, lightnings! ye, 

With night and clouds, and thunder and a soul 
To make these felt and feeling, well may be 

Things that have made me watchful; the far roll 
Of your departing voices, is the knoll 

Of what in me is sleepless, — if I rest. 
But where of ye, O tempests ! is the goal ? 

Are ye like those within the human breast? 

Or do ye find at length, like eaglets some high nest ? 

— Byron. 



NOTES. 



I 



NOTES 



NOTES. 



I 



NOTES. 



Parts of Speech. 

NOUNS. 
Definition. 

Consult references. 
Classes. 

I. Proper. 
II. Common. 

1. Class or concrete. 

2. Collective. 

3. Abstract. 

4. Gender. 
5*. Verbal. 
6. Mass. 

Define each of the terms above and give several nouns 
of each class. 

How may adjectives or adverbs be used for nouns? 

How may a common noun become proper? 

How may a proper noun become common? 
Properties of Nouns. 

Gender, Number, Case and Person. 
Gender. 

Kinds of Gender-^ Masculine, Feminine, Neuter, and Com- 
mon. 

Define the terms above; In what three ways is gender 
distinguished ? 

Form the feminine of the foUgwing nouns: — 

author youth gander 

actor drake * tiger 

priest monk waiter 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 63 



lord 


wizard 


man-servant 


Czar 


master 


step-son 


men 


sir 


hero 


Sultan 


lad ' 


stag 



Gender of Personified Nouns. 

What determines the gender of personified nouns? 

Give a list of five such nouns that are feminine. 

Give a list of five such nouns that are masculine. 
Gender of Collective Nouns. 

When is a collective noun in the feminine gender? 

When is a collective noun in the masculine gender? 

When is a collective noun in the neuter gender? 
Number. 
Definition. 

Consult references. 
Kinds — Singular and Plural. 
Formation of Plurals. 

Plurals of nouns ending in " es/' "o/' "y" and "f*' 
— Write the plural of the following words: — 
* tax canto money 
atlas echo dairy- 
niche grotto journey 
book negro army 
quarto solo glory 
halo alley mystery 
key pulley self 
sheaf belief staff 
chief wolf elf 
Plural of Proper Nouns — Write the plural of the fol- 
lowing nouns: 

Napoleon Miss Brown Dr. 

Caesar • Mrs. Jones Gen. 

John V Mr. White Col . 



64 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 



Write the plurals of the 



major-general 
attorney-general 
attorney-at-law 
postmaster-general 



Plurals of Compound Nouns • 
following nouns : — 

court-martial step-son ^ 

knight-templar hanger-on 

son-in-law lieutenant-general 

man-of-war maid-servant 

man-servant commander-in-chief heir-apparent 

woman-servant 

Plurals of Letters, Figures and Symbols are made by 
adding an apostrophe and ' s ' — a's, x's, 2's. 

Nouns having two plurals differing in meaning — Write 
the other word : — 

sail brother 

penny index 

fish die 

head foot 

Foreign Plurals — Form the plurals of the following 
words : — 

alumna (fem.) crisis formula 

alumnus (mas.) datum nebula 

axis genus oasis 

basis hypothesis thesis 

Tell the number of the words in the list below : — 



shot 
genius 
cloth 
horse 



annals 


politics 


scissors 


oats 


vespers 


head (of cattle) 


bread 


tongs 


score 


ashes 


riches 


manners 


coffee 


pair 


m.usic 


tin 


yoke 


mathematics 


tidings 


pincers 


news 


acoustics 


milk 


dozen 


mumns 


ethics 


couple 



STtJDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAit. ^5 

Case. 

Definition. 

Consult references. 
Kinds. 

Nominative, Possessive and Objective. 
Define each of the terms above. 

Nominative Case Constructions. 

1. Subject of a verb. 

2. Subjective complement after a verb. 

3. Subject of a participle in an abridged clause used 
adverbially. 

4. Subjective complement after a participle in an 
abridged clause used adverbially. 

5. Absolute after an infinitive or participle. 

6. Appositive. 

7. Independent. 

Give examples of each of the Nominative Case Construc- 
tions. 

Possessive Case Constructions. 

1. Possessive modifier. 

2. Subject of a participle in an abridged clause, when 
the clause has a noun use. 

NOTES ON THE POSSESSIVE CASE. 

I. Compound nouns add the possessive sign to the last 
word. 

Nouns denoting common possession add the possessive sign 
to the last word ; as. Mason & Dixon's Line. 

3. If they do not denote common possession, each word 
takes the possessive sign; as, Henry's and Elizabeth's reign. 

4. When the possessive noun is followed by an appositive, 

5 



66 StUDIES IN ENGLISH GkAMMAft. 

the appositive generally takes the possessive sign. Smith, the 
grocer's store. 

5. When the name of the thing possessed is omitted, the 
sign may be added to either. They went to Hall's the baker, 
or to Hall the baker's. 

Form the possessive singular and possessive plural 
of: — 



hero 


woman 


Burns 


child 


empress 


Mr. Arnold 


army 


prince 


Mrs. Long 


wife 


Mary 


Miss Green 


wolf 


sheep 


Dr. Fletcher 


jury 


deer 


major-general 


it 


you 


attorney-general 


lady 


I 


son-in-law 
man-servant 



Make corrections in the following sentences, if neces- 
sary : — 

1. Harry and John's pleasure was spoiled. 

2. This is Reed's and Kellogg's Grammar. 

3. That was the man and not the boy's fault. 

4. Who are Cora's and Mabel's friends ? 

5. They live at Mr. Black's the merchant. 

6. Did they buy Hallem and Hunn's histories? 

7. Those pictures are Raphael, the artist's. 

8. This is Mr. Hay, the Secretary's opinion. 

9. They study Kittredge's and Arnold's grammar. 

10. Anna's and Sara's mother was there. 

11. It was Ray's as well as Frank's desire. 

12. Take it to Mr. Jones, the tailor's. 

13. Charles and Leonard's books are not here. 

14. Who were Cain's and Abel's parents? 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 67 

15. She refused to listen to her parents or her teacher's 
advice. 

Objective Case Constructions. 

1. Object of a verb. 

2. Objective complement. 

3. Indirect object. 

4. Adverbial noun. 

5. Object of a preposition. 

6. Appositive, 

7. Subjective complement after a verbal whose sub- 
ject is in the objective case. 

8. Subject of an infinitive in an abridged clause, unless 
the clause is subject of a passive verb. 

9. Subject of a participle in an abridged clause when 
the clause is used as object complement. 

Write sentences to illustrate the objective case construc- 
tions. 
Person. ^ 

This subject will be considered under the Pronoun- 
How to parse a noun. 

1. Class. 

2. Gender. 

3. Number. 

4. Person. -- 

5. Case. 

6. Construction. 

PRONOUNS. 

Definition. 

Consult references. 
Classes. 

I. Personal Pronoun. 

Simple — I, thou, you, she, he, it and their declined 
forms. 



68 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

Compound — • myself, thyself, yourself, herself, himself, 
itself and their declined forms. 

2. Relative Pronoun. 

Who, which, that, as, and but, with the declined forms 
of the first three. 

3. Interrogative. 

Who, which and what, and their declined forms. 

4. Adjective Pronoun. 

That, this, all, some, many, both, etc. 
Demonstrative and indefinite pronouns are considered under 
this head. 

5. Conjunctive Pronoun. 

What, whichever, whoever, whatever, etc. 

Note. — It is better to class these words as Conjunctive 
Pronouns, rather than Relatives, as they are used in noun 
clauses, and do not have antecedents expressed. 

What is called a '' double relative '' by some authors. 
Properties of the Pronoun. 

Gender, Number, Case and Person. 

Review Gender, Number and Case forms of nouns. 
Person. 

Definition. 

Consult references. 

QUESTIONS ON PERSON. 

What determines the person of a relative pronoun ? Which 
pronouns show person by their form? When a relative pro- 
noun has two or more antecedents differing in person, how 
is the person determined? 

GENERAL QUESTIONS. 

How are pronouns inflected? How do pronouns differ 
from nouns, in form and use? What is an antecedent? What 
forms may it take? Use in sentences, a word, phrase and 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 69 

clause as antecedent of a pronoun. What is a subsequent? 
Which pronouns show gender by their form)? Which show 
case? How are the compound personal pronouns used? 
What is meant by an impersonal use of the pronoun? What 
by the expletive use? What is the difference between the 
Conjunctive pronoun and the Relative pronoun? How many 
noun uses has the relative pronoun? Give them. The Con- 
junctive pronoun? Give them. What determines the number 
and gender of the Relative pronoun? What determines the 
gender in the following sentence? Some person has lost his 
books. How can a subjective complement be in the objective 
case? What determines the person in the following sentence? 
Fanny, you and I, zulw are invited, will go. 

In the following sentences, name the class to which each 
pronoun belongs, and give its use in the sentence. 

1. Is that the man of whom you spoke? 

2. All that I have is thine. 

3. Who is the lady that passed? 

4. Are those the ones of which you spoke ? 

5. Did you ask him what he thinks of it himself? 

6. To whom much is given, much is required. 

7. There is no one here but remembers him that day. 

8. Each thought of his friends. 

9. What did he say when they told him that? 

10. I know not what others may do. 

11. You may give him whichever he wants. 

12. Whoever did that, let him make it known. 

13. All our knowledge is ourselves to know. 

14. He told those whom he could trust. 

15. Whatever is his, should be given to him. 

16. Our friends remembered what he said of himself. 

17. Either of the books is good, but this is better than that. 



^6 STUDIES IN English grammar. 

1 8. She was kindness itself, and what she did for others 
can not be estimated. 

19. Your neighbor should be whomever you can help. 

20. " He that abideth in me, and I in him, the same bring- 
eth forth much fruit." — Bible, 

21. She gave me such flowers as her garden produced. 

22. Whichever road you take will bring you home. 

23. Both did well, but neither won the medal. 

24. There is no one here but knows it is true. 

25. Such is the tale which the settlers tell. 

26. I used some for myself and some for a friend of mine. 
2y. Talent is that which is in a man's power; genius is- 

that in whose power a man is. 

28. He is one in whom all have confidence. 

29. " Few, few shall part where many meet." 

30. He that hath friends must show himself friendly. 

NOTES ON THE USE OF PRONOUNS. 

1. Who relates chiefly to persons (sometimes to higher 
animals). 

2. Which relates to animals and things. 

3. That relates to both persons and things. 

4. Who or which is preferred to that in non-restrictive 
clauses. 

5. In referring to a choice, which is preferred to who or 
that. 

6. Use that when antecedents name both persons and 
things. 

7. Use that (generally) after adjectives in the superlative 
degree. 

8. For the sake of euphony, that is generally used after 
the interrogative pronoun who and after the words few, any, 
each, all, etc. ; also when the antecedent is it. 

9. The pronoun agrees with its antecedent in person, 
number and gender. 



SttJDlES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAt. ^1 

10. Each refers to any number of objects taken singly. 

11. Each other refers to two only; one another to more 
than two. 

12. Either and neither refer to one of two only. 

13. Make the reference to the antecedent clear. 

14. Compound personal pronouns are used for emphasis 
and in a reflexive sense. 

15. Co-ordinate adjective clauses are introduced by like 
relative pronouns. 

16. Clauses that modify different words are introduced by 
unlike relative pronouns. 

17. When the one and the other refer to objects previously 
mentioned, the one refers to the object first mentioned, and 
the other to the last mentioned. 

18. When this-, that, these and those refer to objects pre- 
viously mentioned, this and these refer to the last mentioned, 
and that and those to the first mentioned. 

Correct the following sentences. (Not all of the sen- 
tences are incorrect.) 

1. All who knew him respected him. 

2. What one of the books did he take ? 

3. The two children would not play with one another. 

4. There is a row of elms on either side of the street. 

5. There is a row of elms on each side of the street. 

6. Was it you whom he asked for? 

7. It was necessity (which, or that) taught me the lesson. 

8. The wisest man is he (who, that) keeps his own secrets. 

9. The selfish and the benevolent are found in any com- 
munity; (those, these) are shunned, (these, those) are loved. 

10. Homer was a genius, Virgil an artist; in (the other, the 
one) we most admire the man, in (the one, the other), the 
work. 

11. Clara invited my friend and myself to go. 



*J2 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

12. The brakemen and the cattle (which, that) were on the 
train were killed. 

13. I do not admire either of the three girls. 

14. Let two straight lines cut one another. 

15. A man (who, that) is worthy, and (that, who) is will- 
ing to work, will succeed. 

16. He kept some for him and me. 

17. He was one of the best men (that, who) ever lived. 

18. Who is the lady (who, that) called yesterday? 

19. This is the malt (that, which) lay in the house (which, 
that) Jack built. 

20. (Each, all) of the workmen received two dollars a day. 

21. I have several grammars (either, any) of which may 
be consulted. 

22. Few (who, that) read the book were pleased with it. 

23. She saw her friend as she was going to the wharf. 

24. The various tribes have been at war with (one another, 
each other). 

25. Charles told his brother to take his book to his friend. 

26. Each child (who, that) was there received a flower. 

27. (Who, which) of the ladies did you admire most? 

28. It was this alone, (which, that) induced me to accept 
the office. 

29. A person (that, who) can read, and (who, that) finds 
pleasure in reading, need never be lonely. 

30. With the return of spring came four martins (that^ 
which) were evidently the same (that, which) vv^ere bred under 
those eaves the previous year. 

31. We saw the lady while passing down the street. 

Give the case construction of the pronouns in the fol- 
lowing sentences. Choose the correct form. 

1. It was not (they, them). 

2. (Them, they) that seek wisdom will be wise. 

3. Is James as old as (me, I) ? 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 73 

4. Such a man as (him, he) could never be captain. 

5. He is a person (who, whom) I think deserves encour- 
agement. 

6. She is neither better nor wiser than you or (me, I). 

7. The (man, man's) being here, we did not go. 

8. I saw Mr. Brown (he, him) who is the leader. 

9. (He, his) being a foreigner, the request was granted. 

10. (His, he) being a foreigner made no difference. 

11. It was Clara (she, her), who is my friend. 

12. It is not desirable to be (her, she). 

13. (He, him) who will, let him come. 

14. They gave it to Henry (he, him) (who, whom) you 
saw yesterday. 

15. The man (who, whom) you spoke to is his brother. 

16. Do you think (us, we) girls can do the work? 

17. (Who, whom) did they ask? (I, me)? 

18. I thought that you and (him, he) were going. 

19. Let you and (I; me) go with them. 

20. I was not aware of (him, his) going so soon. 

21. He offered to send it to Bertha and (she, her). 

22. They were willing to let (he, him) and Frank go to 
college. 

■ 23. I heard of (him, his) coming home. 

24. He is a man (who, whom) I know is honest. 

25. He is a man (who, whom) I know to be honest. 

26. He is a man (who, whom) is known to be honest. 
2y, It may have been (them or they) (who, whom) he 

told you about. 

28. Do you know (whom, who) you can get to do the 
work? 

29. We will refer the question to (whoever, whomever) 
you may select as arbiter. 

30. Elect (who, whom) you wish. 

31. Give the position to (whoever, whomever) will fill it 
best. 



74 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

32. They told Charles and (he, him) to ask (whomever, 
whoever) pleased them most. 

33. It was Joseph (who, whom) Pharaoh made prime 
minister. 

34. We enjoy being with those (who, whom) we love. 

35. (Who, whom) did you take to be the man? 

36. (He, him) was expected to go at once. 

37. Do you expect Roy and (he, him) to go? 

38. I knew it to be John or (he, him). 

39. They thought the boy to be (he, him). 

40. (Who, whom) did you think of its being? 

41. I did not think of its being (he, him). 

42. (Spring, spring's) having come, the birds sing. 

43. (Who, whom) do you take him to be? 

44. There is no doubt of (me, my) seeing him. 

45. (He, his) losing the way, we were obliged to remain 
in the woods until morning. 

46. But (who, whom) say ye that I am? 

47. (He, him) only have I known. 

48. (Who, whom) should I meet that day but (she, her) ? 

49. He offered a reward to (whomever, whoever) would 
subdue the place. 

50. That is the boy (who, whom) we think deserves the 
prize. 

51. That is a boy (who, whom) I think you can trust. 

52. That is a boy (who, whom) I expect to do right. 

53. Can't you remember (who, whom) you gave it to? 

54. You may send (whoever, whomever) is v^^illing to go. 

55. We invited our friend (she, her) (who, whom) you 
met last summer. 

56. Let the people select (who, whom) they think i§ best 
qualified to lead them. 

57. (His, him) being away caused them to stay. 

58. His duties necessitated (him, hi$) remaining at home, 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 75 

59. (Shame, shame's) being lost, all virtue is lost. 

60. (He, his) being exhausted, they went no farther. 

61. Father allowed Henry and (me, I) to go with a man 
(who, whom) he judged to be an intelligent guide. 

62. He attacked the enemy (whom, who) he saw were 
crossing the river. 

63. Was it (him, he) that you called? 

64. (Who, whom) should I meet the other day but Mary 
and (she, her). 

65. I do not think such persons as (he, him) competent 
to judge. 

66. Between you and (I, me), that is a small matter. 

67. All, save (I, me) were at rest. 

68. Let there be none but you and (I, me). 

69. (Who, whom) do you think stands at the head of our 
class ? 

70. My neighbor is (whoever, whomever) I can do a 
kindness to. 

71. My neighbor is (whoever, whomever) needs my assist- 
ance. 

72. I believe my neighbor to be (he, him) who needs my 
assistance. 

73. Give assistance to (whoever, whomever) you believe 
your neighbor to be. 

EXERCISES IN GENDER, NUMBER AND PERSON. 

Fill the blanks with pronouns and give the reason for 
your choice. 

1. The child was not conscious of danger. 

2. Winter came with chilling blasts. 

3. A parent should love child. 

4. The jury was unanimous in decisioti. 

5. Let every girl take — — place, 



76 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

6. Let every student take place. 

7. Each was the center of own world. 

8. One is seldom at a loss to know what to do with 

money. 

9. Each boy and girl may take place. 

10. Has everybody finished work? 

11. Neither Henry nor Mary had lesson prepared. 

12. Both Clara and John had lessons prepared. 

13. Every one must do as thinks best. 

14. If my friend calls, tell to wait. 

15. Either he or I must go when father wishes it. 

16. Which of the two completed first? 

17. A person who is rude in manner will be disliked. 

18. Everybody was amusing self as best could. 

19. Nobody went out of way to make it pleasant for 

her. 

20. The class has selected orator. 

21. Every man and every boy received wages. 

22. If anybody but you had come, we would not have 
admitted 

23. Germany, with standing army is a great nation. 

24. Rome sat throned on seven hills. 

25. Our committee made report. 

26. The audience may look at programs. 

2y. The Company paid all debts. 

28. The man, woman and child witnessed it, but would 
not tell what had heard. 

29. If any lady or gentleman wishes to have fortune 

told, now is opportunity. 

30. Neither the father nor the son had been distinguished 
for business qualifications. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 77 

DECLENSION OF NOUNS AND PRONOUNS. 

Decline, — 

boy it who 

lady he what 

John she which 

son-in-law I that 

Form for parsing pronouns. 

1. Class. ^ 

2. Gender. 

3. Number. 

4. Person. 

5. Antecedent. 

6. Case. 

7. Construction. 

ADJECTIVES. 

Definition. 

Consult references. 
Classes. 

1. Descriptive. 

2. Limiting. 

a. Numeral. 

Cardinal, ordinal, multiplicative and fractional. 

3. Participial. 

4. Pronominal. 

5. Articles. 

a. Definite, b. Indefinite. 

QUESTIONS. 

Define all of the terms above and give examples. What 
is the difference between the adjective pronoun and the pro- 
nominal adjective? What offices may an adjective fill in the 
sentence? For what purposes are the articles used? Give 



78 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 



the adjective uses of like and unlike. What adjectives in the 
comparative and superlative degree are adverbs as the positive 
degree? What is the difference between a phrase adjective 
and an adjective phrase? How may an adjective be used as 
a noun? What is a Locative adjective? (Mead's Grammar.) 
What is an appositive adjective? (Mead.) Define comparison. 
Define the three degrees of comparison. Can all adjectives 
be compared? Why? In what ways may adjectives be com- 
pared? How are compound adjectives compared? What 
adjectives have number? What is a conjunctive adjective? 
Explain how the following pronominal adjectives are used. 
Which are used with singular nouns and which with plural ? 



all many a 


latter 


any no 


many 


both neither 


such 


certain divers 


what 


else (what else?) each 


own 


every either 


other, another 


few several 


some 


a few sundry 


such a 


much former 


which 


Compare the adjectives that can be compared: — 


meek much 


beautiful 


polite feeble 


universal 


gentle wrong 


good-natured 


black bad 


long-headed 


red supreme 


fore 


round straight 


in, up 


little forth 


out 



NOTES ON THE USE OF ADJECTIVES. 

I. Place adjectives where they will show clearly what they 
modify, and choose apt adjectives. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 79 

2. Adjectives modifying the same noun and having the 
same rank, are usually arranged in the order of their length, 
the longest nearest the noun. If they are of different rank, 
place nearest the noun the one most closely modifying it, and 
the others as they rank. 

3. Both means two, not one of two. 

4. Each means all of any number considered one by one. 
Each child recited in his turn. 

5. Every also means all of any number, but the thought 
is directed more to the whole. — Every child needs a dictionary. 

6. Many, more and most have for their opposites fezv^ 
fezver, fewest. 

7. Much and more have for their opposites little and less. 

8. When such words as first and last are used with plural 
numerals, the sense usually requires them before the plurals ; 
as. The first tzvo. The last four. 

9. Do not use the article ' a ' or ' an ' after such words as 
sort or kind. 

10. Repeat the, a or an before connected adjectives that 
do not modify the same noun. 

11. Omit the article before words used as titles. 

EXERCISES. 

Give reasons for the use of adjectives, and make cor- 
rections if necessary : — 

1. I heard (the) noises in the next room. 

2. She is a young girl and (a) beautiful girl. 

3. Wanted, a cook and (a) housemaid. 

4. He is the secretary and (the) treasurer. 

5. Read the first three paragraphs. 

6. I have just bought a new pair of gloves. 

7. That boy is the brightest of all his classmates. 

8. Solomon was wiser than any of the ancient kings. 



8o STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

9. Jacob loved Joseph more than all his children, 

10. Natural scenery pleases me the best of anything else. 

11. She wore a pink and (a) white wrap. 

12. There are two articles, the definite and indefinite. 

13. He well deserves the name of a gentleman. 

14. I enjoy the spring more than summer. 

15. These kinds of apple (apples) will be chosen. 

16. You caught four fish; I caught a (less, fewer) number. 

17. His sarcastic manner made me (mad, angry). 

18. (Most, almost) all the people had gone. 

19. A (lengthy, long) line of ancestors. 

20. We had some (novel, new) experiences at the Fair. 

21. He had a (human, humane) disposition. 

22. Have you heard the (latest, last) news? 

23. Oranges are (healthful, healthy) food. 

24. She is a better talker than (a) singer. 

25. I do not like this sort of a book. 

26. Nothing delights him so much as a skate on the pond. 
2^. We have the most entire confidence in you. 

28. My favorite flower is (a, the) rose. 

29 (The, a) lion is (a, the) king of the forest. 

30. We do not like (this, these) sort of goods. 

31. What do you think of (these, this) kind of golf club? 

32. We saw as (much, many) as twenty robins. 

33. Both of the two boys were there. 

34. Of the two books, choose the one you like best. 

35. You may solve the four last problems. 

36. (Few, a few) have been invited. 

37. The belief is too universal to be changed. 

38. (Each, every) boy in the school knew it was true. 

39. There were (less, fewer) men than women present. 

40. (Every, each) child may take his place. 

41. They had not done the half of the work. 

42. He was much interested in these good news. 



Studies in English grammar. 8i 

43. The first and second regiments were called out. 

44. Take up (this, these) ashes. 

45. (This, these) brass tongs cost seven dollars. 

46. Texas is larger than any state in the Union. 

47. Every person has his faults. 

48. That painting has only (average, ordinary) merit. 

49. They were exposed to (continuous, continual) inter- 
ruptions. 

50. The sting of some insects is (deadly, deathly). 
How to Parse the Adjective. 

1. Class. 

2. Comparison. 

3. Construction. 

VERB, 

Definition. 

Consult references. 
Classified According to Meaning. 

1. Transitive. 

a. Transitive Active. 

b. Transitive Passive. 

2. Intransitive. 

Note. — Some authors give Neuter verb. It is an intransi- 
tive verb that does not imply action or exertion. The ocean 
is deep. Troy was. It stood near. 

Give a good definition of each term above. What does 
transitive mean? Is it well to teach that a transitive verb is 
one that requires an object? Why? What two offices in the 
sentence can the receiver of the act fill? May a verb be 
transitive in one sentence and intransitive in another? Give 
examples. 

Some authors use the terms. Copula and Copulative, What 
do these terms mean? 
6 



82 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAM M Aft. 

Tell whether the verbs below are Transitive active, 
Transitive passive, or Intransitive. 



arise 


dig 


fought 


awoke 


draw 


have 


bear 


was 


lay 


begin 


burst 


lie (to recline) 


choose 


feels 


sit 


set 


had flowed 


could take 


let 


may be known 


was sung 


walked 


could be heard 


will grow 


was done 


could have struck 


may ring 


has bidden 


must have told 


will set 


blew 


might be written 


can forgive 


did burn 


might have done 


was struck 


can buy 


had been blowing 


can rise 


has been bought 


were reading 


shall be 


will be chosen 


has been driven 


appeared 


will be sent 


might be told 


sleeps 


can go 


will be lost 


may be 


had laid 


will have forgotten 


might learn 


will meet 


marched 


can be given 


must see 


has 


had employed 


had lain 


breaks 


had been attacked 


will stand 


drew 


will be built 


was earned 


raise 


should have been 


is told 


go 


might have been seen 


have gone 


live 


could have been done 


may write 


will fall 


ought to be known 


has been caught 


seemed 


was completed 


may eat 


were 


were leaving 


had flown 


hang 


has succeeded 


will freeze 


hanged 


had returned 


will be frozen 


wing 


was thought 



studies in english grammar 83 

Classified According to Form. 

1. Regular (Weak). 

2. Irregular (Strong). 

Note. — Mixed verb is given by some authors. 

QUESTIONS. 

Define regular and irregular verbs. Why are verbs called 
Weak or Strong? What is a defective verb? What is a 
Redundant verb? What is meant by the principal parts of a 
verb? Consult the reference books for the principal parts 
of verbs, and give a list of the most important verbs. 

AUXILIARY VERBS. 

What are they ? How are they used ? What Is meant by a 
Notional verb? Are can^ must and ought true auxiliaries? 
What is a verb phrase? Does the infinitive ever form part 
of the verb phrase ? What is it in the sentence, — ' He ought 
to go'? 
Properties of the Verb. 

1. Tense. 

2. Mode. 

3. Voice. 

4. Number. 

5. Person. 

Tense. 

Divisions. 

Present, Present perfect. 
Past, Past perfect. 
Future, Future perfect. 

QUESTIONS. 

Define the terms used above. How many divisions of time 
are there? How many of tense? What auxiliaries express 
tense? Universal truths are expressed in which tense? 



84 studies in english grammar. 

Mode. 

Divisions. 

1. Indicative. 

2. Potential. 

3. Subjunctive. 

4. Imperative. 

QUESTIONS. 

What does mode mean? Define each mode. How many 
tenses in each mode? Is it necessary to have a Potential 
mode? If so, why? What do different Grammarians say 
of the Subjunctive and Potential modes? Why does the 
Potential have but four tenses? Why not give six tenses to 
the Subjunctive? Give the uses of were in the Subjunctive. 
How does the Subjunctive differ from the Indicative? Does 
the Indicative express a doubt? Where? Are the verbs may, 
would, should ever used in the Indicative? When? What 
words indicate the Subjunctive mode? 

Tell which form of the verb should be used, and give 
the mode and tense of each verb : — 

1. If that (was, were) true, the difficulty would not be 
great 

2. If she (was, were) there, I did not know it. 

3. If to-morrow (is, be) fine, we will go. 

4. I wish it (was, were) true. 

5. I fear lest he (fall, falls). 

6. If I (was, were) to give names, you would know. 

7. Though he (acquire, acquires) wealth, he will not be 
happy. 

8. I would say so if it is (was, were) true. 

9. I wish my mother (was, were) here. 

10. Take care lest it (be, is) carried away by the flood. 

11. Though he (speak, speaks) the truth, they will not 
believe him. 

12. If he (come, comes) let me know. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 85 

13. Though the story (seem, seems) improbable, it is true. 

14. I know not whether it (be, is) true or not. 

15. If I (were, was) you, I would go. 

16. I wish I (was, were) a child again. 

17. Though he (be, is) needy, they will not help him. 

18. He will do the work, even though it (take, takes) his 
life. 

19. If he (was, were) appointed, it would ruin his success. 

20. He was not the first candidate, though he (was, were) 
elected. 

21. If the picture (were, was) finished, they would send it. 

22. Though it (is, be) improbable, it is true. 

23. Govern thy appetite, lest sin (surprise, surprises) thee. 

24. He could come now, if it (is, were) necessary. 

25. They act as if it (was, were) possible to deceive us. 

26. If this (is, be) treason, make the most of it. 

2y, If the vase (was, were) there, some one has removed 
it. 

28. Though the task (be, is) hard, he must perform it. 

29. If all the days (was, were) sunny, we would not 
appreciate them. 

30. If Clara (were, was) there, they did not see her. 

Tell the difference in meaning between the italicised 
words : — • 

1. If he is (were) patient, he will (would) win. 

2. Though the difficulty were (is) great, it zvould (will) 
vanish. 

3. Though he is (be) truthful, they will not believe him. 

Voice. 
Kinds. 

1. Active voice. 

Caesar conquered Pompey. 

2. Passive voice. 

Pompey was conquered by Caesar. 



36 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

QUESTIONS. 

What is voice? Active voice? Passive voice? Do intran- 
sitive verbs have voice? Why? What is the office of the 
object of a verb in the active voice? What of a verb in the 
passive voice? What changes result in the sentence when 
you change the verb from the active to the passive voice? 
How is the form of the verb changed? What, then, are the 
tests for the passive voice? What kinds of verbs are the fol- 
lowing? " The wood splits easily/' " The field ploughs well.'' 

Change the verbs in the active voice to the passive, and 
those in the passive voice to the active. 

1. They were betrayed by their friends. 

2. We heard the shouts in the street. 

3. The king appointed him minister. 

4. They gave her the flowers. 

5. He was appointed captain. 

6. He was accused of robbery. 

7. She has a taste for painting. 

8. We know that he is honest. 

9. They expect him to be elected. 

10. Juries have been bought for gold. 

11. Rich and poor were treated alike. 

12. A good man loves to do good. 

Verbs that have Passive Form, but not Passive Voice. 

He is fallen. 

Why is the verb " is fallen " not a passive verb ? What 
is the verb "is" in this sentence equivalent to? Where is 
this form of the passive used? Give examples. 

Passive verbs that take Subjective Complements. 

He was elected governor. 

How can the passive verb take a subjective complement? 
Change the verb to the active voice. What is the office of 
''governor" in the sentence thus changed? What is its rela- 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. Sy 

tion to the subject? Is the relation changed when the verb 
is in the passive voice? Give ten examples and explain the 
relation in both voices. 

Passive verbs that take Object Complements. 

I zvas given a book. 
Change the verb '' was given " to the active voice. What 
change has resulted? What is the subject of the active verb? 
What office does " I " fill ? Which word should be made the 
subject of the passive verb? Is there any real need for the 
construction first given? 

Object of the Preposition, made the Subject of the 
Passive Verb. 

He was laughed at by us. We laughed at him. 

Is the verb in the second sentence transitive or intransi- 
tive ? What is the office of *' at '\_ in the first sentence ? May 
a preposition be a part of a verb ? Give six examples to illus- 
trate it. 

How the Passive Verb differs from a form of the verb 
"be" followed by a Perfect Participle used as an Adjec- 
tive. 

The work was accomplished yesterday. 
The lady was accomplished. 

What is the verb in each sentence? How is the word 
accomplished used in each? Write five pairs of sentences to 
illustrate the difference. 

How the Progressive Verb differs from a form of the 
verb " be '' followed by the Present Participle as an Adjec- 
tive or a Noun. 

He is winning the game. 

His great delight is winning a game. 

The child is winning in her manner. 



88 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

What is the verb in each sentence? How is the word 
*' winning" used in each case? Give four pairs of sentences 
to illustrate the difference between the Progressive Verb 
and a form of " be " followed by the Present Participle used 
as an Adjective or a Noun. 

EXERCISES. 

1. The food was soon prepared. 

2. Are you prepared to recite? 

3. George is playing tennis. 

4. His favorite sport is playing tennis. 

5. The fields are cultivated by the men. 

6. The musician is charming his audience. 

7. The lesson was studied by the children. 

8. She is a person whose manners are cultivated. 

9. A verb is distinguished by its use. 

10. Her conversation is charming. 

11. He is interesting his hearers. 

12. The shadow was mistaken for the bridge. 

13. The lady is distinguished in appearance. 

14. They are well satisfied with his position. 

15. His manner was so studied as to be unpleasant. 

16. The child is entertaining her playmates. 

17. His only object is doing good to others. 

18. The performance is very entertaining. 

19. He was greatly mistaken in his judgment. 

20. That tree is bent to the ground, by the storm. 

21. This tree is straight, that one is bent. 

22. She is singing that beautiful song. 

23. The judge was very decided in his charge. 

24. The child's dress is becoming to her. 

25. Her greatest enjoyment is singing. 

26. His appearance and address are very pleasing. 

27. The question was decided in their favor. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 89 

28. The house was shattered by the wind. 

29. Now, they are pleasing the populace. 

30. That opinion is becoming more nearly universal. 

31. He is enjoying his work. 

32. The appearance of the building is much improved by 
the new paint. 

33. He is much improved in health. 

Number and Person of Verbs. 

NOTES. 

1. A verb agrees with its subject in person and number. 

2. Compound subjects and plural subjects require plural 
verbs. 

3. Subjects singular in form but plural in sense require 
plural verbs. — Half of the apples were frozen 

4. Subjects plural in form but singular in sense require 
singular verbs. — Gulliver's Travels was written by Swift. 

5. When subjects are emphatically distinguished, the verb 
agrees with the first and is understood with the second. 

6. Verbs agree with the affirmative rather than the nega- 
tive in the sentence. — She and not they was at fault. 

7. Two singular subjects taken together as one thing 
require the singular verb. — Porridge and milk is his breakfast. 

8. Words preceded by each and every take singular verbs. 

9. Collective nouns in the singular take the singular 
verb, if thought of as a whole ; if the collection is thought of 
as individuals the plural verb is required. 

10. A relative pronoun agrees with its antecedent in per- 
son and number. This governs the verb. 

11. When subjects connected by or or nor are of different 
numbers, the verb generally agrees with the one nearest it. — 
One or more were there. Either they or he was to blame. 

In the last form it is rather better to re-construct the sen- 
tence. Either they were to blame, or I was. 



90 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

12. When several subjects follow the verb, for the sake 
of emphasis, the verb agrees with the one nearest it. 

13. When words are joined by such terms as "anth, as zvell 
as, etc., the number of the verb is not changed. They as well 
as he zvere there. She with others zvas pleased. 

14. When the verb has two or more subjects differing in 
person, the first person is preferred to the second and the 
second to the third. 

EXERCISES. 

Choose the correct form of the verb and give the rea- 
son: — 

1. Why don't (doesn't) he succeed? 

2. That don't (doesn't) seem possible. 

3. Either he or I is (am) mistaken. 

4. One of you are (is) invited. 

5. One or two is (are) to be omitted. 

6. Pencils are (is) a common noun. 

7. What privileges has (have) those who attend. 

8. There has (have) been several books lost. 

9. Which of those books are (is) yours? 

10. Each of the girls are (is) going. 

11. The wages of sin is (are) death. 

12. The Bible or the Holy Scriptures were (was) written 
long ago. 

13. His family is (are) in the country. 

14. Tales of a Traveler were (was) written by Irving. 

15. Neither Tom nor his sister was (were) present. . 

16. What is (are) the person, number and gender of those 
nouns ? 

17. Her home is one of those that is (are) on the hill. 

18. Nothing but books pleases (please) her. 

19. Plutarch's Lives were (was) read with interest. 

20. Seventy dollars a month is (are) a small salary. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 9 1 

21. Ten dollars a week are (is) all he earns. 

22. The rest of the people were (was) disappointed 

23. Two years' interest are (is) due. 

24. The Senate have (has) passed the bill. 

25. One half of the soldiers was (were) killed. 

26. Two thirds of the fruit was (were) injured. 

27. One third of the fruit were (was) injured. 

28. Three fourths of the men was (were) ill. 

29. Mathematics are (is) difficult for me. 

30. Character and reputation is (are) very different. 

31. The victuals were (was) insufficient for the crowd. 
2^2. Ten dollars are (is) not too much. 

33. Clara and her sister also are (is) invited. 

34. Neither of them is (are) prepared to go. 

35. What sounds have (has) each of the vowels? 

36. The United States are (is) prosperous and happy. 
yj. Our welfare and security consist (consists) in unity 

of purpose. 

38. Work as well as play were (was) necessary. 

39. Bread and butter are (is) not sufficient. 

40. One of you are (is) wrong. 

41. No time, no money and no pains were (was) spared. 

42. Either the boy or his playmates know (knows) about it. 

43. Are (is) either of you going to-day? 

44. Nobody but the leaders go (goes) to the meeting. 

45. All but him was (were) chosen to go. 

46. Any of those books tell (tells) of the battle. 

47. We are glad when any of them succeed (succeeds). 

48. Time, money, life itself are (is) not too much to give. 

49. Every teacher and pupil feel (feels) the inspiration. 

50. Not one of the men have (has) been promoted. 

51. There go (goes) Clara and her friends. 

52. A new variety of apples is (are) in the market. 

53. John or you or I Is (am) to blame. 



92 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

54. Neither you nor I are (am) prepared. 

55. The jury are (is) eating dinner. 

56. The audience is (are) using fans. 

57. The congregation are (is) regular in attendance. 

58. Seven added to three make (makes) ten. 

59. Six times five are (is) thirty. 

60. There was (were) hunger and cold to fight. 

61. Bring me one of the books that lie (lies) on the table. 

62. He gave one of the best addresses that has (have) been 
given. 

63. She and not her sisters expect (expects) to go abroad 
next year. 

64. Twenty pounds are (is) not sufficient. 

65. Three miles were (was) not very far. 

66. Two thirds of the trouble (was, were) avoided. 

67. Every one of them has (have) known it for some time. 

68. Part of those books belong (belongs) to Mary. 

69. We agree, say (says) they. 

70. One or the other have (has) made a mistake. 

71. Every book and paper has (have) been misplaced. 
^2, The secretary and treasurer is (are) to be elected. 

73. His wages was (were) not high enough. 

74. Their wages is (are) about ten dollars a week. 

75. A number of her statements was (were) not correct. 
y6, Mrs. Clark, with her daughters, remain (remains) 

here during the summer. 

NOTES. 

Use of shall, will, would and should. 

1. Shall, with the first person indicates simple futurity. 
Will, with the second or third, either singular or plural, de- 
notes simple futurity. 

2. Will, with the first person indicates determination. 

3. In questions, shall is used with the iirst person. In the 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. ^j 

second and third persons, the auxiliary which is expected in 
the answer is used. 

4. Shall is used with the second and third persons, when 
the agent controls the action. 

5. Will is used in the second and third persons to show 
courtesy. 

6. Should and would, being the past tenses of shall and 
will, generally follow the same rules. 

Distinguish between: — 

1. They will (shall) not be permitted to go. 

2. Shall (will) you be there to-day? 

3. I shall (will) not listen to it. 

4. He should (would) do as he liked. 

5. She says she shall (will) not be there. 

6. He thought they would (should) not go. 

7. We shall (will) hear that to-morrow. 

8. What shall (will) the admission be? 

9. You shall (will) go the next time we go. 

10. They thought he would (should) be ready. 

11. Shall (will) you be at home to-night? 

12. She shall (will) be rewarded. 

13. He thought there would (should) be an admission fee. 

14. He said he would (should) not come. 

15. Do you think they would (should) go? 

16. Will (shall) they come? 

17. Shall (will) you grant his request? 

18. The man said the boy should (would) be sent at once. 

In the following sentences fill the blanks with the 
proper auxiliary. Shall, will, should, would. 

1. you be there Friday? 

2. We have snow soon. 

3. we ask him to give the address? 

4. How you spend the money? 



94 Studies in English grammar. 

5. I fear that you not be able to come. 

6. They wonder whether she come. 

7. I fear that we miss the car. 

8. He knew who betray him. 

9. We be pleased to have them come. 

10. She did better than I have done. 

11. he be allowed to do so? 

12. you be disappointed if they do not come? 

13. Hear me, for I speak. 

14. Though I receive a thousand thanks, I not 

do it. 

15. Where I leave the package? 

16. I like to know where the book is. 

17. He said that John go at once. 

18. If they come now you be ready. 

19. If it storm we not go. 

20. I be fatigued if I walk so far. 

21. You stay at home to-day. 

22. you lend me your book? 

23. you spend the summer here ? 

23. She says she see you soon. 

25. We expect to hear from you soon. 

2^. I fear I not be able to go. 

2y, If you be so fortunate as to get the position, I 

be glad if you let me know. 

28. We expected that she accept the position. 

29. I go, if I could get away. 

30. If he fall, he be killed. 

31. we see you soon? 

32. you see your mother then? 

33- I find him there, if I go now? 

34. he be too late if he start now. 

35. If you agree, I be glad. 

36. I go if the others . 



STUDtE^ IN English grammar. 95 

37. he help me, if I ask it? 

38. Did he think I prepare it? 

39. you believe the story, if they prove it to you ? 

40. When He appear, we be like Him. 

41. you be sorry to leave Chicago? 

42. you visit me next summer ? 

43. He tells me that he sail next month. 

44. you be at leisure after dinner? 

45- we have time to return home? 

46. there be time for us to return home? 

47. What we do without friends? 

Fill the blanks with may and can, 

I. we be excused now? 

you tell me which is right? 

they not be caught in the rain. 

they be induced to go? 



CONJUGATION. 



Define Conjugation. What is the difference between con- 
jugation and synopsis? 

Forms of Conjugation. 

1. Common form. 

I see. 

2. Passive form. 

I am seen. 

3. Progressive form. 

I am seeing. 

4. Interrogative. 

Do I see? 

5. Negative. 

I see not. 

6. Emphatic. 

I do see. 



9^ StUDlES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

What mode and tenses take the emphatic form? Con- 
jugate the verb see in all the forms above. 

Progressive Passive form of the Verb. 
The house is being built. 

How is the progressive passive verb formed? How is it 
used? Is the use of the verb in the sentence, The house 
is building, good English? Give all the progressive passive- 
voice forms that can be used. 

Form of Parsing the Verb. 

Regular or Irregular. 

Principal Parts. 

Transitive or Intransitive. 

Voice. 

Mode. 

Tense. 

Person. 

Number. 

Construction. 

Parse the verbs in the following sentences. 

1. Why does he go, when he knows there is danger? 

2. If my friend were in town, I should know it. 

3. He migiit have known better. 

4. He ought to have gone as soon as he received the letter. 

5. Go at once and see that the matter is attended to. 

6. He will have been governor three months then. 

7. If they had desired you to go, they would have asked 
you. 

8. We should have enjoyed it more, had you been with us. 

9. He has done so well this time that they are willing he 
should try again. 

10. Roy was skating, when his father called him. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 97 

THE VERBAL. 

Classes. 

1. Infinitive. 

2. Participle. 

Classified according to form. 

1. Regular. 

To fail, failed, having failed. 

2. Irregular. 

To be, being, having been. 

Classified according to meaning. 

1. Transitive. 

To bear burdens, bearing burdens. 

2. Intransitive. 

To go, going, having gone. 

Properties of the Verbal. 

I. Voice, Mode or Form, Tense. 

Participles of the Transitive Verb To See. 

Active Voice. Passive Voice, 

Present tense, Seeing Being seen 

Past tense, Seen 

Present perfect tense, Having seen Having been seen. 

Progressive Form. 

Present perfect tense, Having been seeing. 

Participles of the Verb To Be. 



Present tense. 


Being. 


Past tense. 


Been. 


Present perfect ten§e, 

7 


Having been 



98 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

Participles of the Intransitive Verb To Go. 

Present tense. Going. 

Past tense, Gone. 

Present perfect tense, Having gone. 

Progressive Form. 
Having been going. 

Infinitives of the Transitive Verb To Sec. 

Active Voice. Passive Voice. 

Present. To see. To be seen. 

Present perfect. To have seen. To have been seen. 

Progressive Form. 
Present. To be seeing. 

Present perfect. To have been seeing. 

Infinitives of the Verb To Be. 

Present. To be. 

Present perfect. To have been. 

Infinitives of the Intransitive Verb To Go. 

Present. To go. 

Present perfect. To have gone. 

Progressive Form. 

Prese/it. To be going. 

Present jperfect. To have been going. 

QUESTIONS. 

Are participles and infinitives ever used as predicates? 
If so, how? What is meant by an Infinitive Clause? How 
do Verbals differ from Verbs? Verbals are used as what 
part of speech ? Should an adverb be placed between the parts 



STUPIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 99 

of the infinitive ? Do verbals have person and number ? Why ? 
Give six examples of the infinitive without the to expressed. 
How do you determine which form of the infinitive to use 
with the different tenses of the verb? Which is correct, 
I hoped to buy, or I hoped to have bought? What is the 
difference between the true participle and the participial or 
verbal noun ? What is a gerund ? 

Prove the following sentences by putting nouns in the 
place of the participle. 

1. After waiting a short time, we went on. 

2. By examining it, we learned the truth. 

3. On considering the matter, we decided to go. 

4. By asking, he obtained the information. 

Make corrections in the sentences that follow : — 

1. I should like to have seen it. 

2. We have known people spend more in a week than 
they save in a year. 

3. It is better living (to live) on a little, than to be 
(being) in debt. 

4. If I bid you to study, dare you to be idle? 

5. Not a complaint was heard escape his lips. 

6. They don't go so often as they used to. 

7. I heard the noise of wheels, eating my supper. 

8. Decide to do your best and do it now. 

9. They intended to have gone yesterday. 

10. They were supposed to have done that before. 

11. I am glad to see (to have seen) Niagara Falls. 

12. He did as he was told to. 

13. To fully illustrate it will require effort. 

14. We intended going to-morrow. 

* 15. Being absent from the last recitation, he is unable to 
recite. . L.of C. 



lOO STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

i6. I should like to have been there. 

17. To thoroughly do the work, one must study. 

18. We expected to have seen you to-morrow. 

19. I intended to have bought the picture. 

20. Would Clara have been willing to have gone with 
them ? 

How to Parse Verbals. 

1. Class. 

Infinitive or Participle. 

2. Form. 

Regular or Irregular. 

3. Voice. 

4. Form. 

5. Tense. 

6. Construction. 

THE ADVERB. 
Classified according to meaning. 

1. Adverbs of time — now, often, etc. 

2. Adverbs of place — here, there, etc. 

3. Adverbs of manner — well, bravely, etc. 

4. Adverbs of degree — too, little, etc. 

5. Adverbs of assertion — perhaps, probably, etc. 

Classified according to use. 

1. Conjunctive Adverb. 

We will go when the time comes. 

2. Relative Adverb; 

I know a spot where the violets grow, 

3. Interrogative Adverb. 

When are you going? 

4. Limiting Adverb. 

That is very good. He writes well, 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. lOI 

5. Adverb of Position. 

There is a book on the table. 

Classified according to form. 

1. Simple Adverbs. 

Here, nobly, now, etc. 

2. Phrase Adverbs. 

By and by, in general, at least, etc. 

QUESTIONS. 

Give other examples of all the terms used above. What 
is an adverb? What parts of speech do adverbs modify? 
How is the used as an adverb? How are as and as used? 
How are so and as used? Use like and near as adverbs, and 
explain their use. Show how an adverb modifies a phrase. 
A clause. Give six phrase adverbs. How do some of these 
differ from prepositional phrases ? How are adverbs used 
as nouns? Explain the use of only as an adverb. Show 
how adverbs follow such words as grow, look, taste, sounds, 
etc. Are adverbs inflected? How? Give the degrees of 
comparison. Compare twelve adverbs. What are Respon- 
sives ? 

Note. — If the word follows the verb and describes the 
action expressed by the verb, it is generally an adverb; if it 
follows a verb of being or state of being and applies to the 
subject, it is generally an adjective. 

EXERCISES TO BE CORRECTED. 

1. We always should do our duty. 

2. They should not go there, by no means. 

3. Do not grasp the pen so tight. 

4. John is not as tall as his brother. 



I02 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

5. Will you repeat the stanza over again ? 

6. The sick child is some better to-day. 

7. Did he say he should go, or no? 

8. A dipthong is where two vowels are sounded together. 

9. They seemed to be nearly made alike. 

10. This is no good for that purpose. 

11. The lady was very frightened. 

12. He was so quiet, that nobody did not suspect him. 

13. He was too enraged to speak. 

14. J was that faint, I could hardly walk. 

15. It is rarely that such a thing happens. 

16. When the kite was about that high, it fell. 

17. I only went to the corner. 

18. The mountain is exceeding high and steep. 

19. I shall jfirst notice how you do it. 

20. He struggled manly and has succeeded. 

21. The farmer can easier raise corn than wheat. 

22. She is not such an amiable woman as her sister. 

23. Henry is as (so) tall as his brother, but not as (so) 
tall as his father. 

24. We only eat three meals a day. 

25. I returned back here yesterday. 

26. A quotation is when the words of another are given. 

27. That belief is universally held by all. 

28. It could be done easier than that. 

29. Most any one can tell you the way. 

30. He came very prompt, and began at once. 

31. Have you most finished your lesson? 

32. They go south most every winter. 

33. There were less people than we expected. 

34. We have not near finished yet. 

35. We have fewer than half a barrel of apples. 

36. We will walk further the next time. 

37. He is something like his sister. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. I03 

38. Which do you prefer most, tea or coffee ? 

39. It looks Hke it would rain. 

40. We will not talk farther on the subject now. 

41. Mary looks real well since her return. 

42. I cannot but be sorry for him. 

43. He did not apply himself as close as he should have 
done. 

44. You are very mistaken. 

45. It was not such a pleasing picture as the first. 

46. This is not such a book as that. 

47. These terms are nearer related. 

48. Few countries enjoy such a mild climate. 

Which form is preferable? 

1. He read slow (slowly) and seemed to be interested. 

2. She dressed richly (rich). 

3. The child looks beautifully (beautiful). 

4. The fox is an exceeding (exceedingly) artful animal. 

5. She looked charming (charmingly) last evening. 

6. The moon looks calm (calmly) down. 

7. The lake looks calm (calmly) to-night. 

8. The child behaved very badly (bad). 

9. She learns music easy (easily) enough. 

10. Are they coming? Surely (sure). 

11. The judge could scarce (scarcely) control his voice. 

12. He writes plainer (more plainly) than he used to. 

13. How sweetly (sweet) the lilac smells. 

14. She is singing softly (soft) and low. 

15. The blast blew fiercely (fierce) round the peak. 

16. The cry sounded loudly (loud). 

17. You have conducted yourself proper (properly). 

18. He acted differently (different) from his brother. 

19. The water tasted very strong (strongly) of sulphur. 



I04 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

20. The gale blew strong (strongly) all day. 

21. They looked coldly (cold) on the proposition to go. 

22. You can ill (illy) afford to do that. 

23. You shall not live by bread only (alone). 

24. They live freely (free) from care. 

25. He spoke his mind free (freely) on the subject. 

26. Lincoln stood firmly (firm) by his principles. 

2y, The tree stands firm (firmly) rooted in the ground. 

28. Walk as quiet (quietly) as you can. 

29. He lives best who acts noblest (most nobly). 

30. You have paid dearly (dear) for the whistle. 

31. It happened contrarily (contrary) to my expectations. 

32. The moon shines bright (brightly) on the lake. 

33. The wind blows fresh (freshly) from the north. 

34. The country looks finely (fine). 

35. His words were exceeding (exceedingly) harsh. 

36. You speak different (differently) than you did. 

37. This can be done easy (easily) enough. 

38. I will go almost (most) any time you choose. 

39. They felt badly (bad) over the result. 

40. My head feels bad (badly) to-day. 

41. The game was played poor (poorly). 

42. That was bought very reasonably (reasonable). 

43. These terms are nearer (more nearly) related. 

Parse the adverbs in any of the preceding groups of sen- 
tences. 

THE PREPOSITION. 
Classification. 

1. Simple. 

With, for, by, etc. 

2. Compound. 

Without, underneath, upon, etc. 

3. Having the form of the present participle, 

Saving, touching, excepting, etc. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. t05 

4. Phrase prepositions. 

Because of, in case of, by means of, etc. 

QUESTIONS. 

Define preposition. Define the terms used above, and give 
other examples of each. How may an adjective and adverb 
be used as base of a preposition ? Show how prepositions may 
be used as adverbs. Show how prepositions become conjunc- 
tions. Give examples of but used as a preposition. 

EXERCISES. 

Use these words in sentences followed by the prep- 
ositions, and notice the difference in meaning. 

Accountable to, for, Advantage of, over, 

Agree to, with. Angry at, with. 

Answer for, to. Ambition for, of, 

Bargain for, with. Call at, for, in, on. 

Connect with, to, Correspond with, to, 

Possessed by, of, with. Secure against, from, of. 

Use the correct form in the blanks. 
Among, Between. 

1. The money was divided the two boys. 

2. The apples were divided the pupils. ^ 

3. I have no choice many of Whittier's poems. 

4. the two, there is little choice. 

By, With. 

1. The house is built of brick the men. 

2. The old sailor entertained us the story. 

3. We went the old castle a party of friends. 

4. He struck the boy the whip. 

5. The horse was struck the man. 



Io6 STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

6. We were pleased the appearance of the report. 

7. It was great difficulty that they succeeded. 

At, In, Into. 

1. He was educated Harvard. 

2. She fell the water. 

3. The train stopped Marion. 

4. We shall soon arrive Chicago. 

5. We stopped the farm house. 

6. Put the letter the desk. 

7. Go the house. 

8. He threw the ball the well. 

9. They wished to stop many places Ohio. 

10. Put more life your writing. 

Correct the errors : — 

1. He came here at about three o'clock. 

2. They said for us to go at once. 

3. Lincoln differed with Grant in appearance. 

4. Take the book off of the table. 

5. They admitted of the fact. 

6. The cause is worthy of our help. 

7. I have never met with you before. 

8. The traitor was banished the country. 

9. It was the size of a man's hand. 

10. He received letters from Spain and Austria. 

11. She is indignant with their conduct. 

12. His preaching is different to his practice. 

13. They are spending the winter at New York. 

14. He is in need for money. 

15. Butter brings twenty cents for a pound. 

16. There is no use fretting about it. 

17. We started for home immediately. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. I07 

18. What benefit can it be to any one? 

19. She was presented with a fine new piano. 

20. It was meant for you instead of for him. 

21. Mr. Carnegie is liberal with his money. 

22. The children are insensible to their danger. 

23. The child died with the croup. 

24. Cuba is now independent from Spain. 

25. This house is different to that. 

Parse the prepositions in any of the foregoing exercises. 

THE CONJUNCTION, 

Classes. 

1. Co-ordinate. 
Copulative. 

The book is good and I like it. 
Adversative. 

You may go, but I dislike to have you go. 
Alternative. 

He or you must go (not both). 
Causal. 

You are faithful, therefore you will do well. 

2. Correlative. 

Either — or, neither — nor, both — and, etc. 

3. Subordinate. 

If, than, because, for, etc. 
Phrase Conjunctions. 

As well as, as if, as sure as, etc. 

QUESTIONS. 

Define conjunction. Define and illustrate each term used 
above. What is the difference between a conjunction and a 
connective? How do conjunctions resemble prepositions? 
Explain the use of correlatives. Explain the use of zvhether 
and if. 



io8 STtrmt:^ in English grammar. 

Use the correct word in each blank, and show that 
" like " is not a conjunction : — 

As, As IF, Like. 

1. I do not know he will go. 

2. He looks his father. 

3. We wish to do just they do. 

4. The man acted he were guilty. 

5. The room looked fairyland. 

6. They came just we were starting. 

7. She is studying music her sister did. 

8. I wish I could sing she can. 

9. They treated him he were a child. 

ID. Do the work we do it. 

Use the correct word in the blanks. 
If, Whether. 

1. I do not know he will go. 

2. he will go or not, remains to be seen. 

3. She asked me this were correct. 

4. he will go, let him say so. 

5. She did not say they would come. 

Without, Unless. 

1. Stay here, you hear from me. 

2. We can not go their consent. 

3. that is finished, we must remain here. 

4. He can not be convicted being guilty. 

5. The grass will not grow it rains. 

6. There was nothing wrong it was that. 

Correct these sentences. 

1. Neither tear or soil your books. 

2. Come and see me soon. 



STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. I09 

3. It is not as large as this. 

4. A noun is nothing else but a name. 

5. A diamond is nothing else but carbon. 

6. I do not know but what he did it. 

7. She will either sail to-morrow or Monday. 

8. Try and come as soon as you can. 

9. Give me neither riches or poverty. 

10. Who doubts but what two and three are five. 

To Parse a Conjunction. 
Class. 

Sub-class. 
Elements connected. 

THE INTERJECTION. 

QUESTIONS. 

Define interjection. Give examples of interjections show- 
ing sorrow, surprise, pain, and contempt. How is an inter- 
jection used in the sentence? What is the difference between 
an interjection and an exclamation? What is a phrase-inter- 
jection? How is an interjection parsed? 

WORDS HAVING SEVERAL DIFFERENT USES. 

Above. 

1. Noun, — The light comes from above. 

2. Adjective, — Go to the room above. 

3. Adverb,- — The sailor went above. 

4. Preposition, — Put this book above that one. 

All. 

1. Noun, — He lost his all in the conflict. 

2. Pronominal Adjective, — All men are mortal. 

3. Adjective Pronoun, — All were pleased. 

4. Adverb, — That is all v/rong. 



I TO STUDIES IN ENGLISH GRAMMAR. 

As. 

1. Relative Pronoun, — Here are such books as you like. 

2. Adverb of Manner, — He did as he thought best. 

3. Adverb of Degree, — This is as good as that. 

4. Introductory word, — He went as a friend. 

5. Part of Prepositional Phrase, — As for us, we will stay 
here. 

6. Phrase Conjunction, — The captain as well as the crew 
was drowned. 

But. 

1. Relative Pronoun, — There is no one but knows it. 

2. Adverb, — He is but a poor old man. 

3. Conjunction, — He is a good orator, but not a good 
speaker. 

4. Preposition, — No one came btit Mary. 

Better. 

1. Noun, — They are not our betters. 

2. Adjective, — The patient is better to-day. 

3. Verb, — They better their condition by doing so. 

4. Adverb, — Try to do better another time. 

Like. 

1. Noun, — His like has rarely been seen. 

2. Adjective, — Like causes produce like results. 

3. Verb, — We like the book. 

4. Adverb, — They fought like tigers. 

Only. 

1. Adjective, — Only ladies were present. 

2. Adverb, — We are healthy only in pure atmosphere. 

3. Conjunction, — You may go, only do not stay long. 



studies in english grammar. ill 

Still. 

1. Noun, — In the still of night, I heard the sound. 

2. Adjective, — The lake was still and clear. 

3. Adverb, — The old house still stands. 

4. Verb, — Christ stills the tempest. 

5. Conjunction, — It is not large, still it will do. 

That. 

1. Noun, — That that is a noun. 

2. Relative Pronoun, — It is the one that I want. 

3. Conjunctive Pronoun, — I know that is true. 

4. Pronominal Adjective, — That orange is sweet. 

5. Demonstrative Pronoun, — That is surely true. 

6. Introductory Connective, — I know that he is there. 

7. Subordinate Conjunction, — Study that you may succeed. 

There. 

1. Expletive or Adverb of Position, — There were only ten 
persons present. 

2. Adverb, — Place it therej on the table. 

3. Adjective, — We were there five minutes (Mead). 

4. Interjection, — " There! little girl; don't cry." 

Who. 

1. Relative Pronoun, — She is the lady who was here. 

2. Conjunctive Pronoun, — I know who was here. 

3. Interrogative Pronoun, — Who did it? 

Which. 

1. Relative Pronoun, — The one which I wanted is not 
here. 

2. Interrogative Pronoun, — Which did you take ? 

3. Interrogative Adjective, — Which one did you take? 

4. Connective Adjective, — I know zdiich one you took. 

5. Conjunctive Pronoun, — He asked ivhich he should take. 



112 studies in english grammar. 

What. 

1. Conjunctive Pronoun, — He asked zvhat we wanted. 

2. Conjunctive Adjective, — We know what work he did. 

3. Interrogative Pronoun, — What do they say? 

4. Interjection, — What\ can it be true? 

5. Interrogative Adjective, — What mountains are these? 



NOTES. 



NOTES. 



NOTES. 



DEC 181902 

NOTES. 










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